On the distinction of natural and socio-humanitarian knowledge

Wrote:

• Paul Ricker

• Vindel Gangs

• Max Weber

Naturalscience	Humanities
• the science of nature • the science of laws • object-nature • Knowledge of the universality • Cognition • the ideological neutrality of more	· The science of culture • the science of events • object-person activities • Knowledge of uniqueness • understanding (objective, value, meaning) • Ideologizirovannost'

In contrast to the natural sciences, socio-Humanities use special methods (that are not in Physics):

-komparastivika

-analysis of documents

-content analysis

-case stadies

-all social methods

41.Content of film “Agora” and formulate your conclusions

Set in the Roman Egyptian city Alexandria in the 4^th century Agora is something of a revisionist epic that is less about male heroes in sandals achieving glory with their swords and more about celebrating the achievements of proto-feminist mathematician, philosopher and astronomer Hypatia (Rachel Weisz) in an era of religious turmoil.

While the various men in the film are seen preaching the supposedly definitive virtues of their chosen religion, Hypatia is seen teaching, engaged in early scientific and astronomical research, and calling for calm and mutual respect. Her scientific work, in particular on the movement of celestial bodies, is often presented in Agora with the sort of grandiosity that other films reserve for the climax of a great battle scene. When Hypatia has her various breakthroughs the music swells and the tempo of the editing increases to heroically present such moments. In this way director and co-writer Alejandro Amenábar (The Others, The Sea Inside) stylistically privileges the pursuit of knowledge and rational thought. On the other hand, at the conclusion of the first half of the film when the Christian hordes gain control of the city, over run the Library of the Serapeum and destroy its contents, the camera is turned upside-down to depict the triumph of religious fundamentalism over intellectual enquiry as an example of the world literally turning itself on its head.

To give the film a human-interest angle and to create focal points for the various political and religious factions, Agora includes a love triangle subplot between Hypatia, one of her students, the aristocrat Orestes (Oscar Isaac), and one of her slaves, Davus (Max Minghella). As a woman devoted to her work teaching philosophy Hypatia has no desire to marry and end her professional career, plus she is extremely wary of the romanticised visions of what constitutes as love and demonstrates her cynicism by giving Orestes a very abject reminder of a significant element of womanhood that he probably wasn’t thinking about while publicly serenading her.

Agora is a film more to be admired than truly enjoyed. It effectively dramatises the events that occurred in the life of a remarkable woman in order to critique the intrusiveness of religion on intellectual and political discourse. Made at a time when pockets of the Christian Right are increasingly attempting to depict other religious groups as violent barbarians, Agora is also commendable for reminding audiences about the less than noble origins of Christianity. However, Agora is ultimately weighed down by the lumbering nature of the historical epic genre. The sweeping shots of the reconstructed settings and the elaborate crowd scenes are impressive but feel strikingly empty in contrast to the core of the film, which is Hypatia’s relentless philosophical and scientific enquiry. Agora could have been a powerfully subversive feminist film, but while it does have its moments it never truly lives up to its ambitious potential.

42. Evaluate the main issues and features an ancient science in “Agora”

Antique science has not been able to develop theoretical natural science and its technological applications. The reason is cheap slave labor did not create the necessary incentives for the development of a solid technique and technologies, and it and serving it natural scientific and engineering expertise

Gipatiiis credited with the words: "think better and make mistakes, than not to think at all. The worst thing is the present superstition as truth. "

The most important result of the democratization of socio-political spheres of ancient Greece was the formation of the apparatus of logical rationale, which has turned into a tool for broadcasting knowledge from the individual in society. Against this background, could already be folded science as demonstrative knowledge "from the ground", that easily illustrate accessing the actual material.

Sharply negative attitude is known to Greeks to Eastern Science, stereotypically for utility. In Greece, the process of science can be reconstructed as follows. Arithmetic and geometry function as a set of techniques in zemlemernoj practice, falling under the techne. In other words, in Greece, as in the ancient East, they were not:

1) deployed a text decoration

2) strict rational-logical justification.

For example, in the design of mathematics texts in the form of the theoretic-logical system you need to stress the role of Thales and Democritus, perhaps. Speaking of which, of course, it is impossible to ignore, on a text which cultivate Pythagoreans through mathematical view as purely abstract, as well as jeleatov, was first made in math had not previously adopted by it the demarcation of sensual from umopostigaemogo. All this constituted the Foundation of the formation of mathematics as a theoretical-rational science, rather than jempiriko-sensual art.

So, initially, unscientific, unjustified differed from the ancient Oriental, empirical mathematical knowledge of the ancient Greeks, being streamlined and, being a theoretical processing, logical systemization, deduktivizacii, turned into a science. The Greeks was alien to the experienced pilot type of knowledge: 1) undivided rule of contemplation; 2) idiosyncrasy to individual "minor" actions deemed unworthy of intellectuals — free citizens of democratic policies and unsuitable for knowledge neraschlenimogo on a part of the world.

43. Expand the content of the videotext “A Beautiful Mind” and make your conclusions

John Forbes Nash mathematics genius, he at the dawn of his career made a titanic work in the field of game theory, which virtually turned this section of mathematics and almost brought him international fame.

However, literally at the same time arrogant and enjoys success among women who gets hit, Nash turns already his own life: doctors put him diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia.

Biographical drama by Ron Howard from his book c. Nazar, tells about the life of John Forbes Nash, a Nobel Laureate in economics. The film won four Oscars for best film, adapted screenplay, directing and supporting actress.

The story begins with the early years of the young genius John Nash. He starts to develop paranoid schizophrenia, accompanied by hallucinations, and progresses until it endangers his work and relationship with his wife and friends.

Once John has drawn some Parcher agent offering to work on the Special Division of the CIA. Its task is to analyse the information published in open sources, to find it. This is the data exchanged between the conspirators — enemies of the United States. Their reports Nash leaves in a mailbox at an agreed place. During one of his visits to the mailbox Nash is attacked by the conspirators and miraculously escapes death.

Soon it turns out that all of the work for the CIA is merely a figment of his imagination.

Only after years of struggle he manages to defeat his illness and finally get the deserved the Nobel Prize.

44.Consider the problem of creativity and personality of the scientist in videotext "A Beautiful Mind."

One hallmark of creativity is the ability to discern complex patterns, for which Nash seems to have had a truly extraordinary talent. This facility enabled him to come up with theories of far-reaching consequence. However, his thirst foropportunities to apply his unique abilities often seems to have led him into misapplications of his gifts. Somewhat like finding that one has been typing on the wrong keys, we may know the format and yet discover that we have been working in the wrong register: believing we have been making sense and yet producing gibberish, cryptically encoded by the persistence of our error. The factor that seems to have made Nash so intensely vulnerable in this way seems to have been his narcissism, which required him to produce something grand enough to win recognition and admiration at a very high level but also made him disdainful of the types of experiences that might have provided greater reality testing. At university, for example, Nash did not attend classes. He was not interested in building a foundation, but rather was awaiting inspiration. However, when inspiration finally struck, it did not strike in a vacuum but was grounded in his observations of events in the social world.

Nash’s narcissism may be seen as the other side of his extraordinary talents and his intense interpersonal isolation. Extreme giftedness often goes hand in hand with an idiosyncratic way of viewing the universe that can impede the individual’s ability to find a ‘home’ in the interpersonal world (Gedo, 1996). Nash seems to have found it very difficult to engage with others and from an early age had learned first hand how cruel peers could be (Nasar, 1998). The resulting solitude and isolation probably exacerbated his desire for recognition and also served as an impetus for the ‘companions’ he devised as he became further and further divorced from reality.

Isolation is a two-edged sword: innovation requires the ability to tolerate isolation, but it is also important to be able to be recognized by one’s peers. Nash’s reactive hostility made it difficult for him to receive this recognition. At times, the idiosyncratic nature of an individual’s perceptions may interfere with the normalizing and containing functions of caretakers, thereby further attenuating the fine line between self and other and inhibiting the ability to take the perspective of the other. In this way, empathic attune ment is obstructed, not built, thereby reinforcing a paranoid-schizoid mode of relating characterized by difficulties in interpersonal relating that too easily become self-perpetuating.

In a theme that is to be repeated throughout the film, an early conversation with his ‘roommate,’ Charlie, shows Nash jokingly linking his brilliance in math to his avoidance of the interpersonal world: “People don’t like me,” he says, with apparent equanimity. At another level, however, the isolation itself is a dilemma for the creative individuals, who must negotiate between protecting his or her vision and time versus fulfilling interpersonal needs (Gedo, 1996). Even Nash ultimately comes to appreciate his deep need for others: “Away from contact with a few special sorts of individuals Iamlost, lost completely in the wilderness...so,it’s been a hard life in many ways” (Nasar, 1998, p. 169)

45. Show in the context of the video-text "A Beautiful Mind" and other examples of the difference of genius and talent in science.

The big difference in my opinion is work ethic. Talent is something you are born with. It comes naturally and you have it from day one. You do not have to work for it and it can only take you so far.

Genius on the other hand is something that you become. It takes hard work and dedication. While there are a lot of talented people in the world, few of them are genius because of their lack of work ethic. Geniuses aren't afraid of mistakes and they don't even flinch at the possibility of failure. And I think that John Nash is genius, like in the movie said: “a genius knows the answer before the question”.

46. Make a glossary of basic scientific ideas and concepts in videotext "Interstellar"

A wormhole or "Einstein-Rosen bridge" is a hypothetical topological feature that would fundamentally be a shortcut connecting two separate points in spacetime. A wormhole may connect extremely long distances such as a billion light years or more, short distances such as a few feet, different universes, and different points in time. A wormhole is much like a tunnel with two ends, each at separate points in spacetime.

A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.The boundary of the region from which no escape is possible is called the event horizon

The ergosphere is a region located outside a rotating black hole.

The Doppler effect (or the Doppler shift) is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source.

An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffused material in orbital motion around a massive central body.

A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels towards the observer. This effect is known as gravitational lensing, and the amount of bending is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.(Classical physics also predicts the bending of light, but only half that predicted by general relativity).

47. Describe the content of the videotext “Interstellar ” and formulate your conclusions

Sometime in the 21st century, crop blight on Earth has made farming increasingly difficult and threatens humanity's survival. Joseph Cooper, a widowed former NASA pilot, runs a farm with his father-in-law, son, and daughter Murphy, who believes her bedroom is haunted by a poltergeist. When a pattern is created out of dust on the floor, Cooper realizes that gravity is behind its formation, not a "ghost". He interprets the pattern as a set of geographic coordinates formed into binary code. Cooper and Murphy follow them to a secret NASA facility, where they are met by Cooper's former professor Dr. Brand.

Cooper's crew consists of scientists Romilly, Doyle, Brand's daughter Amelia, and robots TARS and CASE. Traversing the wormhole, they head to Miller's planet, an ocean world where time is severely dilated because of its proximity to Gargantua; for each hour there, seven years pass on Earth. They find only the wreckage from Miller's expedition. Amelia retrieves Miller's data just before a gigantic wave hits, killing Doyle and water-logging the engines. After returning to Endurance, they discover 23 years have elapsed on Earth.

Murphy, now an adult, has been assisting Dr. Brand with his research. On his deathbed, he admits to her that Plan A was not feasible – he has known since Endurance departed. He reveals that Plan B was the only plan all along. In a recorded video session Murphy notifies Amelia of her father's death, accusing her and Cooper of abandoning Earth. Believing the equations can be solved, she continues working on a solution to Plan A knowing she needs more data on gravitational singularities.

With limited fuel, the crew choose Mann's planet over Edmunds' as the next stop, since Mann is still transmitting. Once there, Mann assures the crew that the frozen planet is habitable despite its ammonia-laden atmosphere. While surveying the planet, Mann attempts to kill Cooper, revealing that he falsified the data in hopes of being rescued. He steals Cooper's ranger and heads for Endurance. Meanwhile, Romilly is killed by a booby trap set by Mann. Amelia rescues Cooper and they race to Endurance in a second lander, where Mann is attempting a dangerous manual docking operation. Mann ignores Cooper's warnings and is killed in the attempt, severely damaging the Endurance in the process. Cooper uses the lander to stabilize the ship.

CASE warns Cooper that Endurance is slipping toward Gargantua's pull. Cooper makes a quick decision to use Gargantua as a gravitational slingshot to propel the ship toward Edmunds' planet, but their proximity to Gargantua means more time will elapse on Earth. To shed weight, Cooper and TARS jettison themselves toward the black hole, so that Amelia and CASE can complete the journey. Slipping past the event horizon, Cooper and TARS find themselves inside a tesseract, which resembles a stream of bookshelves capable of peering into Murphy's bedroom at different periods in her life. Cooper surmises that the tesseract and wormhole were created to enable communication with Murphy, and that he was her "ghost" all along. Using the second-hand on the watch he gave her before he left, Cooper relays the quantum data Murphy needs to solve the gravitational equation.

Following a turbulent ejection, Cooper awakens in a space habitat orbiting Saturn. He reunites with an aged Murphy nearing death. At Murphy's request, Cooper and TARS leave to rejoin Amelia on Edmunds' habitable planet, where she is preparing a new human colony.

Дата добавления: 2017-01-13