The Kiev Polytechnic Institute 2 страница

There are some rivers on the Ukrainian land, the largest among them being the Dnipro. There are more than 2500 lakes and water reservoirs in Ukraine. The Kakhovka and Kremenchug artificial seas are the largest on the territory of Ukraine.

Many fine dendro-parks cover the territory of Ukraine, the most famous among them being Sofievka and Trostyanets. Askania Nova is a well-known reservation where many rare animals and birds live in natural conditions.

The population of Ukraine is more then 52 million people. Different nations and nationalities inhabit this state.

The Hero-city of Kiev is the capital of the Independent Ukraine. It is a great political, administrative, industrial, scientific, cultural and educational centre with a population of approximately three million inhabitants.

Ukraine is rich in iron ore, coal, natural gas, oil, manganese

decide to establish? 3. What did he find out? 4. When did the needle deflect? 5, Who repeated Oersted's experiments? 6. Do you know Ampere’s rule? 7. What did Ampere establish and prove? 8. When is magnetism greatly increased? 9. Is the magnetic effect produced when the charges are at rest? 10. What is an electromagnet? 11. When does the iron core act as a magnet?

X. Give a short summary of Text 13.

UKRAINE

I. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

to proclaim – проголошувати

independence – незалежність

to corroborate - підтверджувати

decision - рішення

resident

inhabitant житель

commonwealth – співдружність

water reservoir – водосховище

rare animals and birds - рідкісні тварини та птaхи

approximately - приблизно

manganese ore - марганцева руда

potassium - калій

mineral resources - корисні копалини

up-to-date lathes - сучасні вepтати

semiconductor - напівпройідник

electric welding - електричне зварювання

to maintain ties - підтримувати зв'язки

carriage - вагон

synthetic diamonds - штучні алмази

to enrich - збагачувати rapidly - швидко

peaceful coexistence - мирне співіснування

to strengthen peace and security - зміцнювати мир та безпеку

all over the world

the world over y всьому світі

in the whole world

measure were in use?

B. Yes ______________________. They were the metric system and the English one.

A. Is the so-called English system of measure widely used today?

B. No, ___________________, As far as I know the CLS system was prefered in most countries.

A. Was the system used in France?

B. Yes, _______________. However, it is interesting to note that the meter was first proposed the French government in 1799, but the metric system in France was introduced only in 1840.

A. And what system is used in the United States?

B. Although the United States used the English system of measure, American scientists also used the metric system, as well as CLS system.

A. Why is it so?

B. The metric system has advantages over the English, for its divisions are based on the multiple of ten. This makes computation very easy,

IX. Put 5 questions to the Text. Ask your partner the questions.

X. Imagine that you are to make a report. While preparing it use the following plan:

1. Three kinds of energy.

2. Their sources.

3. Their advantages.

4. Their disadvantages.

13
UNIT 3

Grammar: Passive Voice. Degrees of Comparison.

Pre-text Exercises.

I. Practise reading of the following words:

property [’pr p∂tı], although [:l’ð∂u], structure [’strΛkt∫∂], comparatively [k∂m’pær∂tıvlı], electron [ı’lektr n], neutron [’nju:tr n], particle [’pa:tıkl], measuring [’mez∂rıŋ], equal [’i:kw∂l].

II. Try to memorize the following words:

to take part in - брати участь, to differ from - відрізнятися, in spite of - незважаючи, to consist of, to be composed of, to be make up of - складатися, to carry (an electrical charge) - нести (ел. заряд), to define - визначати, definition - визначення, familiar - знайомий,відомий, negative - негативний, positive - позитивний, neutral - нейтральний, structure - структура, to weight - важити, weight - вага.

III. Read the text below to find answers to the following questions:

1. Two definitions of an atom are given. What are they?

2. According to the passage what does an atom consist of?

3. How big is an electron compared to a neutron?

4. What was Thomson's concept of the structure of the atom?

5. What was Rutherford's concept of the structure of the atom?

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM.

One definition of an atom is that it is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. It is also defined as the smallest part of an element which has all the properties of that element. It follows from this second definition that atoms of silver differ from atoms of lead, that atoms of lead differ from those of gold, and so on.

Although atoms of different elements are different from each other, they all have a similar structure. Thus, all atoms consist of comparatively heavy nucleus around which one or

rest is much simpler than that of the bodies that are in motion 6. There was a time when lightning was a problem that scientists tried to solve but at present everybody knows that it is an electric spark like that produced by the electric machines.

7. Experiments show that all gases expand when heated.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.

a) 1. Ampere’s contribution to electrodynamics as he called the new science began in 1820. 2. As it is impossible to detect electricity by our physical senses, we generally detect it by its effects. 3. An electromagnet loses its magnetic properties assoonas the current is turned off. 4. In certain branches of industry, chemical energy is notso widely used as mechanical energy. 5. The average speed of all molecules remains the same aslongas the temperature is constant. 6. In order to produce electricity more economically the generators must be as large as possible. 7. As a gas is cooled, it loses heat aswellas energy. 8. The magnetic effect of an electric current is the subject of the present article, asfor the heating effect it was dealt with before.

b) 1. Rubber is a verypoor conductor of electricity. 2. This is thevery appliance which I need for my experiment. 3. Lomonosov was born in the family of a poor peasant. 4. All metals are poor insulators of electric current. 5. The United States is a great country. 6. Next summer I shall have a rest in the country. 7. Therest of the story should be translated at home. 8. Electricity at rest or in a static condition does no work. 9. Heat causes many chemical reactions. 10. What causes the electrons to flow along the wire? 11. A short circuit may be the cause of fire.

VIII. Give suitable prepositions to the following verbs and form sепtеnсеs with the Infinitives obtained.

to equip, to depend, to соmрaге, to consist, to contribute, to be interested, to be familiar, to point, to look, to start, to speak

IX. Answer the following questions

1. When was the voltaic cell invented? 2. What did Oersted

It is not difficult to understand that the greater the number of turns of wire, the greater is the m.m.f. (that is the magneto-motive force) produced within the coil by any constant amount of current flowing through it. In addition, when doubling the current, we double the magnetism generated in the coil.

A solenoid has two poles which attract and repel the poles of other magnets. While suspended, it takes up a north and a south direction exactly like the compass needle. A core of iron becomes strongly magnetized if placed within the solenoid while the current is flowing.

When winding a coil of wire on an iron core, we obtain an electromagnet. That the electromagnet is a controllable and reliable magnet is perhaps knows to everyone. It is, so to say, a temporary magnet provided by electricity. Its behaviour is very simple. The device is lifeless unless an electric current flows through the coil. However, the device comes to life provided the current flows. The iron core will act as a magnet as long as the current continue to pass along the winding.

V. Fill in the blanks with suitable words given below.

where, which, when, who, that

1. We know... Oersted established the relation between the flow of electric current and a magnetic needle. 2. The great scientists Volta, Ampere and Yablochkov may be named among those... have greatly contributed to electrical engineering. 3. The end... the lines of force leave the coil after passing through its core will act like a north magnetic pole. 4.... there is a certain connection between electricity and magnetism was proved by experiments. 5.... he placed the wire parallel to the needle he saw... the needle deflected. 6. A wire... is wound in the form of a solenoid acts like a magnet as long as it is carrying a current.

VI. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of the word that.

1. It is clear that the greater the number of free electrons in a substance, the better that substance conducts the electric current. 2. An electric current passing through a wire heats that wire. 3. It is the unit of current that is named after Ampere. 4. That a solenoid has two poles that attract and repel the poles of other magnets is a well-known fact. 5. The physics of bodies at

more comparatively light electrons orbit. This nucleus is composed of one or more neutrons and one or more protons. Because these parts of an atom are smaller than the complete atom, they are called subatomic particles.

Compared to the size of the complete atom, the size of the nucleus is extremely small. In spite of its smallness, however most of the weight of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus. Each electron, on the other hand, weighs only about of the weight of a proton or neutron.

There are other important differences between the sub-atomic particles that make up an atom. Each proton carries a single unit of positive electricity, while each neutron is electrically neutral, and each orbiting electron carries a single unit of negative electricity. Thus, since the number of protons in the nucleus of a complete atom is equal to the number of electrons, a complete atom is electrically neutral.

THE BEGINNING OF MODERN ATOMIC THEORY

In 1897, the British scientist J. J.Thomson discovered the subatomic particle that he named the electron. As a result of this discovery, John Dayton's theory that the atom is the smallest particle of matter (1808) was no longer acceptable. Thomson's new theory of the structure of the atom was only partially correct, however. He described the atom as a solid, positively charged particle in which negatively charged electrons were embedded. The atom was electrically neutral, according to Thomson, because there were sufficient negatively charged particles (electrons) to neutralize the positively charged particle.

Between 1909 and 1911, Ernest Rutherford, a scientist from New Zealand, conducted a series of experiments which led eventually to the modern concept of the atom. In these experiments, a beam of positively charged alpha particles were directed against a thin sheet of gold in an evacuated glass tube. The huge deflections of the alpha particles led Rutherford to develop the following theories. First hereasoned that each deflection was the result of the repulsive force between two positively charged particles. Second he reasoned that because only 1 in 20,000 alpha particles was considerably deflected, each gold atom must consist mainly of empty space. Therefore, the nucleus of the gold atom must be minute, even in terms of

the size of an atom. Furthermore, the size of some deflections suggested that the nucleus was dense. Rutherford concluded that almost all the weight of an atom was concentrated in its nucleus. Around the heavy nucleus was a large area of empty space in which the negatively charged electrons orbited.

Exercises

I. Study sentence 1, then complete sentences 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

1. Paragraph 1 of the text gives two definitions of the atom.

2. Paragraph 2...

3. Paragraph 3...

4. Paragraph 4...

5. Paragraph 5...

6. Paragraph 6...

II. a) Change sentences 1-6 into questions.

b) Ask another member of class these questions.

His answer must begin: "No..."

Example: The electron was discovered by John Dalton.

Was the electron discovered by John Dalton?

No, it was discovered by Thomson.

1. Most of the weight of an electron is concentrated in its nucleus.

2. A single unit of negative electricity is carried by each proton

3. Each orbiting electron carries a single unit of positive electricity.

4. Each neutron is electrically charged.

5. The subatomic particle electron was discovered by Ernest Rutherford.

6. Thomson's new theory of the structure of the atom was correct.

c) How make up two other questions to ask your fellow students.

III. Make the object of the italicized verb in sentences 1-5 the subject of the verb.

Example: The sun heats the earth.

The earth is heated by the sun.

1. All objects radiate heat energy.

2. Two factors affect the rate at which heat energy is

charges. 5. That the unit of current is named after the famous French physicist Ampere is probably know to you. 6. When placing an iron core within a solenoid, we obtain an electro-magnet. 7. The phenomenon Oersted pointed at interested Ampere greatly. 8. We know that the direction of the magnetic effect of the current can be found thanks to Ampere's rule. 9. If suspended so that it can rotate freely, the solenoid points north and south when the current flows.

Text 13. MAGNETIC EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC

CURRENT

The invention of the voltaic cell in 1800 gave electrical experiments a source of a constant flow of current. Seven years later the Danish scientist and experimenter, Oersted, decided to establish the relation between a flow of current and a magnetic needle. It took him at least 13 years more to find out that a compass needle is deflected when brought near a wire through which the electric current flows. At last, during a lecture he adjusted, by chance, the wire parallel to the needle. Then, both he and his class saw that when the current was turned on, the needle deflected almost at right angles towards the conductor. As soon as the direction of the current was reversed, the direction the needle pointed in was reversed too.

The north end of the needle moves away from us when the current flows from left to right. Oersted also pointed out that if the wire is adjusted below the needle, the deflection is reversed.

The above-mentioned phenomenon highly interested Ampere who repeated the experiment and added a number of valuable observations and statements. He began his research under the influence of Oersted's discovery and carried it on throughout the rest of his life.

Everyone knows the rule thanks to which we can always find the direction of the magnetic effect of the current. It is known as Ampere's rule. Ampere established and proved that magnetic effects could be produced without any magnets by means of electricity alone. He turned his attention to the behaviour of the electric current in a single straight conductor and in a conductor that is formed into a coil, i.e. a solenoid.

When a wire conducting a current is formed into a coil of several turns, the amount of magnetism is greatly increased.

Unit 13

Grammar: The Complex Sentence.

Pre-text exercises.

I. Practise reading of the following words.

Cell [sel], effect [ı’fekt], source [s:s], voltaic [v l’teıık], establish [ıs’tæblı∫], deflect [dı’flekt], brought [br:t], adjust [∂’dzΛst], chance [t∫a:ns], right [raıt], angle [’æŋgl], towards [t∂’w:dz], reverse [rı’v∂:s], highly [’haılı], throughout [Θru(:)’aut], straight [streıt], amount [∂’maunt], magnetomotive [mæg’nit∂(u)’m∂utıv], double [’dΛbl], other [’Λð∂], winding [’wındıŋ], electromagnet [ı’lektr∂u’mæg-nit], controllable [k∂n’tr∂ul∂bl].

II. Try to memorize English words and word-groups and their Ukrainian equivalents.

To add - додавати, складати; at right angles - під прямим кутом; to adjust - регулювати, встановлювати; as soon as - як тільки; coil - котушка; constant - постійний; core - осердя; to establish - встановлювати, засновувати; to find out - зя'совувати, розуміти; needle - стрілка; to reverse - змінювати на протилежне, реверсувати; to repel - відштовхувати; rule - правило; straight - прямий; turn - виток; to turn on - вмикати.

III. Translate the words and their derivatives.

To add - addition; to adjust - adjustment - adjustable; constant - constancy - constantly; to establish - establishment - to reestablish; to reverse - reversal - reversible; rule - to rule - ruler.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the subordinate clauses.

1. A current-carrying coil of wire which is long in comparison with its diameter is called a solenoid. 2. The experiments Oersted carried on attracted Ampere's attention. 3. The electric circuit can be closed, if necessary. 4. It was Ampere who showed the difference between the current and the static

transferred.

3. Two factors affect the rate at which heat energy is transferred from one body to another.

4. Heating the milk to a temperature of 62.8 C killed the bacteria.

5. Professor Smith will give tonight’s lecture on atomic structure.

6. Scientists have proved the existence of several subatomic particles.

IV. Translate the following sentences:

1. The old railway was much longer than the new one.

2. This Institute occupies the highest building in the street.

3. Glass is the worst conductor.

4. Hydrogen is the lightest of gases.

5. Hydrogen is one of the most widespread elements on the Earth.

6. Radio is one of the best means of communication.

7. According to Einstein nothing can move faster than light.

8. A. Einstein is one of the greatest scientists of our age.

9. The largest laboratory in our institute is the laboratory of Prof. lvanov.

V. Answer the following questions:

1. There are three rods in the box: a steel rod, an aluminium rod and a glass one. What rod is the hardest?

2. What subject is the easiest for you of all the disciplines of the first year?

3. What number of the three is the least: 3,10 or 30?

4. Does the verb ''to raise" mean "to move from a higher to a lower position "?

VI. Translate the following sentences:

1. The more we study the language, the better we understand the structure of the sentence.

2. The more difficult the problem is, the greater is my interest in it.

3. The brighter the light is, from the greater distance we can see it.

4. The fuller the dictionary, the more meanings of words it contains.

5. "Ann", asked Bob, "did you hear an old American students' joke: "The more we study, the more we know. The more we know, the more we forget. The more we forget, the less we know. The less we know, the less we forget. The less we forget, the more we know. So why to study?"

VII. Answer the questions to the statements:

1. This theorem is not so difficult as the one which the teacher explained to us last week.	1. Which theorem is easier for understanding?
2. This question is as important as the other questions that we discussed.	2. What question have you to pay more attention to?
3. The distance which the car is going to make is as great as the distance from Moscow to Kiev.	3. How great is the distance which the car is going to make?
4. Chemistry is not so interesting for him as mathematics.	4. Which of the subjects is less interesting to him?

VIII. Translate the following sentences. Take into account the possible ways of translating the passive constructions:

1. The new information was much spoken about.

2. The discovery of radium was followed by other important inventions.

3. All the machines were looked at with great interest.

4. The construction of this generator was paid great attention to.

5. Einstein's theory of relativity is often referred to by a great number of researchers.

6. The results of this investigation can be relied on.

7. His report was followed by a short film.

8. She was listened to with great attention.

9. My letter was answered immediately.

10. Nothing was heard from him.

IX. Put 5 questions to the text. Ask your partner the questions.

X. Retell the text.

The teacher made me speak English. The teacher made a report in English.

5. Analyse the Infinitive Constructions in the sentences and parts of sentences from the text:

Scientists are known to have worked for a long time.......Lomonosov was the first to state that heat phenomena were due to molecular motion.

His statement proved to be correct....

... we know heat to be a form of energy.

... we expect the molecules to slow down....

... the tea is said to he "hot"....

The latter is certain to possess far more heat than the former....

... we expect the warmer body to get cold...

... heat is said to flow one body to the other by conduction,

6. Translate the following sentences using the Infinitive Constructions.

Ми знаемо, що теплова енергія - це енергія молекулярного руху. Відомо, що молекули рухаються у різних напрямках. Протягом тривалого часу вважалося, що тепло - це невагома речовина.

Кажуть, що молекули води рухаються швидше, коли її нагрівають. Вважаеться, що молекули холодної речовини рухаються повільніше. Відомо, що при нагріванні тіла розширюються.

Студенти, певно, розуміють різницю між постійним і змінним струмом.

7. Translate the following questions and answer them.

Що таке тепло? Чому вважали, що тепло - це невагома речовина? Чи могли люди спостерігати деякі теплові ефекти? Що відбувається завдяки трінню і стисканню? Які теплові явища встановив Ломоносов? Із чого складаеться речовина? Як називаються найменші частки речовини? Що відбувасться, коли тіло нагріваеться? Чи існує помітна різниця температур між холодним і гарячим тілами? Який прилад вживаеться для вимірювання температури?

8. Give a short summary of Text 12.

dangerous in some cases while in others one cannot do without it. For example, to measure temperature we employ a thermometer that is the instrument based on the expansion of bodies when heated.

VI. Exercises

1. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms.

at rest, positive, solid, right, fast, the last, useful, charge, hot, dark, negative, the first, increase, wrong, valuable, decrease, liquid, in motion, invaluable, slow, useless, discharge, cold, light.

2. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.

to employ, to make, to travel, motion, similar, various, different, like, to receive, liquid, movement, to help, fluid, to assist, to do, to get, to use, to move.

3. Translate the following sentences and define the function of the word ONE.

Observations show that a hot object radiates more heat than a cold one.

One can say that heat is one form of energy.

This problem is more complicated than the one you have told me about.

The direct current is the flow of electrons in one direction.

Heat is known to pass from a hotter body to a colder one.

There are many hydropower stations in our country.

One of the most important uses of electricity is the production of heat.

The alternating current flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one.

To measure the temperature one uses a thermometer.

4. Choose the sentences with the Infinitive Constructions and translate them.

I want to explain this theory to him. I want you to explain this theory to him. We heard our scientist speak over the radio. We heard the latest news over the radio. The students observed the liquid change. The students observed the liquid changes.

Unit 4

Grammar: Revision.

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise reading of the following words:

celestial [sı’lestj∂l], aware [∂ ’ we∂], equal [ ’ i:kw∂l], cancel [ ’ kæns∂l], cause [k:z], either [ ’ aıð∂], physicist [ ’ fızısıst], universe [ ’ ju:nıv∂:s], necessary [ ’ nesıs∂rı], hypothesis [haı ’ p- Θısıs].

II. Try to memorize the following words:

to identify - визначати, to believe - думати, вважати; to attract - притягувати, to repel -відштовхувати, to consider - вважати, charge - заряд, to be responsible for - бути відповідальним, particle - частка, friction - тертя, to reveal - виявляти, similar - подібний, universe - всесвіт.

THE FOUR FORCES OF NATURE

Isaac Newton identified gravity as one of the basic forces of nature. Since then, other forces have been discovered. Physicists believe there are four forces in nature: a gravitational force, an electromagnetic force, a strong nuclear force, and a weak nuclear force.

Gravitation is the force by which all bodies are attracted to each other. It keeps planets in their orbits and makes apples fall from trees. It is actually the weakest of the four forces, but its effects are strongly felt because celestial bodies are so massive.

The electromagnetic force is considered by many scientists to be the most important of all. The electromagnetic force is the powerful attraction of unlike electrical charges and repulsion of like charges. The nucleus of an atom has a positive electric charge and electrons orbiting the nucleus have a negative charge. Since opposite charges attract, these electric forces cause the nucleus and electrons to be attracted to each other. This is the underlying force of chemistry because it is responsible for binding the particles of an atom together, holding atoms together to form molecules, and keeping molecules together to form liquids and solids. In normal life,

we are not aware of the electrical force because when positive and negative charges are equal, they cancel each other out and no force is felt at all.

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