The Kiev Polytechnic Institute 5 страница

to conduct - conductor - conductivity - conductance; danger - dangerous - dangerously; to invent - inventor - inventive-inventiveness; like - unlike - likely; to observe - observer - observation - observable; science - scientist - scientific - scientifically;

IV. Translate the following groups of words:

electrical charges, invented devices, known phenomenon, useful property, scientific study, to solve a difficult problem, to destroy houses, to conduct current, to name after the inventor;

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words.

1. These electrical devices are very large. Who can help me to carry them to another laboratory?

2. After the experiment had been carried out the students carried the devices away.

3. What were the students doing when the teacher came into the classroom? They were doing exercises.

4. Why can't you do without the thermometer? The temperature of this metal is known.

5. He could not go to the cinema yesterday.

6. Do not turn the light off, I shall go on working.

7. I see nothing, turn the light on, please.

8. On heating ice turns into water.

9. Water, in its turn, turns into ice on freezing.

10. Let us turn our attention to the history of electricity.

11. Water turns the turbines at the hydropower station.

IV. Find the sentences with non-finite forms expressing

a) simultaneousness of action; b) priority of action. Translate them.

1. Protecting buildings from strokes of lightning was a great achievement in the field of electricity.

2. Speaking of the magnet, the inventor made reference to its property of attracting iron and steel.

3. Experiments showing the changes in substances are very important for industry.

4. The teacher objects to our translating such an easy text with a dictionary.

5. Soviet people constructed many hydroelectric stations, the one on the Angara being one of the largest..

6. In studying magnetism, we cannot help observing the relation between magnetism and the electric current.

7. Having invented the lightning conductor. Franklin continued working at the problem of atmospheric electricity.

8. The experiments having been made, we could discuss the results.

9. The atoms of different substances have different weights, their properties being also different.

10. Having experimented with electricity and magnetism, Gilbert wrote a book on magnetism.

small magnet pointing north and south.

A great step forward in the scientific study of magnetism was made by Gilbert, the well-known English physicist (1540-1603). He carried put various important experiments on electricity and magnetism and wrote a book where he put together all that was known about magnetism. He proved that the earth itself was a great magnet.

Reference must be made here to Galileo, the famous Italian astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He took great interest in Gilbert's achievements and also studied the properties of magnetic materials. He experimented with them trying to increase their attracting power. One of his magnets, for example, could lift objects weighing 25 times its own weight.

At present, even a schoolboy is quite familiar with the fact that in magnetic materials, such as iron and steel, the molecules themselves are minute magnets, each of them having a north pole and a south pole. When iron and steel are magnetized, the molecules arrange themselves in a new orderly way instead of the disarrangement in which they neutralize each other.

Dividing a bar magnet into two parts, one finds that each of the two parts is a magnet having both a north pole and a south pole. Thus, we obtain two magnets of a smaller size instead of having a single one of a larger size. Dividing one of these two smaller magnets into two will give us the same result. Thus, we could continue this process, always getting similar results.

On placing an unmagnetized iron bar near a strong magnet, we magnetize it. Rubbing the magnet is not required for that process. In other words, our iron bar has been magnetized by the strong magnet without rubbing it.

Exercises.

I. Define what parts of speech these words are.

pplication, ability, continuous, use, important, numerous, civilization, electric, familiar, reader, widely, useful, powerful, property, certainly.

II. Use the following expressions in the sentences of your own.

all over the world, as well as, in this connection, in the form of, needless to say, to pay attention to, on the other hand.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Learning English is not an easy thing.

2. His friend began learning the English language.

3. Studying natural phenomena without making observations is useless.

4. There are many methods of solving this problem.

5. On coming home my father began watching television.

6.Russian scientists played an important part in solving the problem of atmospheric electricity.

7. On splitting atoms in the reactor heat is developed.

8. Seeing is believing.

TEXT 7. LIGHTNING

The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity known to man, although for a long time nobody knew that lightning and atmospheric electricity are one and.the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stories.

Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thunder. Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to the story, his powerful hammer had the property of always coming back to his hands after it had been thrown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was named after him. A story like that invented by those early Scandinavians could be also heard from other peoples.

However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve. How everybody knows that lightning is a very great flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between a charged cloud and the earth or between charged clouds.

Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm. Dark clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lightning flashes followed by thunder which

can be heard for kilometres around. Needless to say, there is always some danger in a thunderstorm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field.

Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually strikes the nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along which electrons are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor is a well-known fact. The lightning conductor, familiar to everybody at present, is a metal device protecting buildings from strikes of lightning by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.

Franklin’s achievements in the field of electricity were known to Lomonosov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Along with other scientific problems that Lomonosov studied was that of atmospheric electricity. Both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman took great interest in it. Both of them tried to solve the problem in question. They made numerous experiments and observations without thinking of the possible danger. The first electrical measuring device in the world was constructed by Rihman. Making experiments of that kind was dangerous and Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning while he was making one of his experiments.

Exercises

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the earliest manifestation of electricity?

2. Are lightning and atmospheric electricity one and the same thing?

3. What did the early Scandinavians think about thunderstorms?

4. What is lightning?

5. Is it dangerous to be in the open field during a thunderstorm?

6. Do people protect their houses from thunderstorms?

7. What does lightning usually strike?

8. Who invented the lighting conductor?

9. Who constricted the first electrical measuring device in the world?

IV. Translate the following sentences and define the non-finite forms of the verb.

1. The students went on studying the properties of that new substance.

2. A long time ago people noticed the attracting ability of the magnet.

3. We heard of that experiment having been made last week.

4. The pole of the magnet pointing to the North is called the north pole of the magnet, the south pole pointing to the South.

5. There are different ways of producing electric current.

6. The magnet having the north pole and the south pole, we can use it in the compass.

7. Working: at his new device, the inventor carried out an important research.

8. We know of his starting some laboratory experiments.

9. An iron bar placed in the field of a magnet becomes magnetized.

TEXT 9. MAGNETISM

In studying the electric current, we observe the following relation between magnetism and the electric current: on the one hand magnetism is produced by the current and on the other hand the current is produced from magnetism.

Magnetism is mentioned in the oldest writings of man. Romans, for example, knew that an object looking likes a small dark stone had the property of attracting iron. However, nobody knew who discovered magnetism or where and when the discovery was made. Of course, people could not help repeating the stories that they had heard from their fathers who, in their turn, heard them from their own fathers and so on.

One story tells us of a man called Magnus whose iron staff was pulled to a stone and held there. He had great difficulty in pulling his staff away. Magnus carried the stone away with him in order to demonstrate its attracting ability among his friends. This unfamiliar substance was called Magnus after its discoverer, this name having come down to us as "Magnet".

According to another story, a great mountain by the sea possessed so much magnetism that all passing ships were destroyed because all their iron parts fell out. They were pulled out because of the magnetic force of that mountain.

The earliest practical application of magnetism was connected with the use of a simple compass consisting of one

PART II.

Unit 9.

Grammar: The Gerund; The Participle (Revision).

Pre - text Exercises

I. Practise reading of the following words.

magnetism [’mæagnıtızm], other [’Λð∂], however [hau’ev∂], writings [raıtıŋz], ability [∂’bılıtı], among [∂’mΛŋ], substance [’sΛbst(∂)ns], unfamiliar [’Λnt∂’mılj∂], iron [’aı∂n], mountain [’mauntın], compass [’kΛmp∂s], north [’n:Θ], south [’sauΘ], forward [’f:w∂d], astronomer [∂s’tr n∂m∂], physicist [’fızı-sıst], mathenatician [,mæΘım∂ ’ tı∫(∂)n], experimented [ıks’perımentıd], increase [’ınkrıs], weight [weıt], molecule [’m lıkju:l], minute [’mınıt], arrange [∂’reınd z ], neutralize [’nju:tr∂laız], size [saız], single [’sıŋgl], thus [ðΛs], process [’pr∂u-ses], unmagnetize [’Λn’mæguıtaız].

II. Try to memorize English words and word-groups and their Ukrainian equivalents.

Ability - здатність; to attract – притягти, притягувати; to carry out - проводити; to consist of – складатися з; force - сила; iron - залізо; magnetism - магнетизм; to make reference to – посилатися на, згадувати; to obtain - отримувати; on the one hand – з одного боку; on the other hand – з іншого боку; to posses - володіти; to prove - доводити; physicist - фізик; relation – з’вязок, відношення; single – один, єдиний; steel - сталь; weight - вага;

III. Translate the words and their derivatives.

ability - disability – to be able – able; to attract – attraction – attractive; force – to force; iron – to iron; magnetism – magnet – to magnetize - to demagnetize – magnetic; physicist – physical – physics – physician; weight – to weight – weightless – weightlessness.

II. Ask your groupmate questions using the following words and word groups:

1. dangerous phenomenon (What...?)

2. a discharge of atmospheric electricity (What...?)

3. to protect houses from thunderstorms (When...?)

4. to provide an easy path (Why...?)

5. to invent the lightning conductor (Who...?)

6. to make experiments (Who....?)

7. to slove the problem (What problem...?)

8. the first electrical measuring device (Whom... by?)

9. by a stroke of lightning (Who...?)

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words underlined:

a) 1. My friend’s son looks like his father.

2. You may take any device you like.

3. Some liquids have like properties.

4. Steel like iron is widely used in industry

5. A steam turbine is like any other turbine but it is turned by steam.

6. We did not like the film that we saw yesterday.

7. Did you like the story that you heard at the lesson yesterday?

b) 1. Lightning is an atmospheric phenomenon that greatly interests some scientists of the past.

2. That the Earth revolves about the Sun is knows everybody.

3. It is quite possible that in future coal may be replaced by nuclear fuel.

4. When an object loses its potential energy that energy is turned into kinetic energy.

5. The operation of the motor is quite different from that of the generator.

IV. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below:

Model: When will you finish (to read)...?

When will you finish reading this English book?

1. Do you like (to go)...?

2. My friend never thought of (to become)...?

3. This is a device for (to turn)...?

3. Excuse me for (to be late)....

4. Why are you translating a scientific article without (to read)...?

5. An electric lamp is used for (to light)....

6. We began (to translate) the article after (to read)....

V. Define the functions of the Gerund in the following sentence and translate them:

1. Go on making the experiment.

2. The idea of using lasers came from A. Prokhorov and N. Basov.

3. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments.

4. There can be no progress in science without experimenting.

5. Solving such problem helps us greatly.

6. The melting point of aluminuim is 657°C.

7. I remember visiting this laboratory.

8. They succeeded in obtaining these data.

VI. Retell text 7.

2. I remember my having told her about the experiment.

3. His having asked such a question shows that he didn't prepare the text

4. We know of different experiments being made in this laboratory.

5. Your having been sent to the power-station was known to everybody.

6. Everybody knows about your having worked at the nuclear power plant.

7. The students read about the new achievements having been made in the field of nuclear physics.

8. Thanks to the lightning conductor having been invented, it is possible to protect buildings from strokes of lightning.

VI. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund:

Model: She cannot read English without... --

She cannot read English without consulting a dictionary.

1. My friend went home instead...

2. The students went on...

3. When the teacher entered the classroom the students

stopped...

4. Have you finished...?

of valuable chemical substances.

2. Energy of a lightning spark may interest only the scientists of the future.

3. On studying the Leyden jar Franklin began thinking that lightning was a strong spark of electricity.

4. The story about his famous kite is known all over the world.

5. Franklin and his son both saw electric spars which grew bigger stronger.

6. Franklin wrote necessary instructions for the installation of his invention.

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to "both", "both... and".

1. The students made two experiments; they were both interesting and useful.

2. Both scientists studied atmospheric electricity.

3. Both of us will work in the institute laboratory, tomorrow.

4. Both Lomonosov and Rihman were great scientists; both of them studied atmospheric electricity.

5. Electricity is used both in industry and in everyday life.

6. Both nuclear power and solar energy will be widely used in future.

7. The term "lightning" and "atmospheric electricity" mean one and. the same thing; both of them are used in literature.

8. Both chemical energy and mechanical energy can be transformed into electricity.

IV. Translate the following word-groups:

a) the only son; the only example known; the only method of solving the problem; only you can do it for me; coal is not only a source of heat, but also a source of valuable chemical substances; the letter was sent only yesterday.

b) many students were present; at the present time; the present article; he is not here at present; that is all for the present; good-bye for the present.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerundial Construction:

1. We didn't know about his being sent to the power-station.

Unit 8

Grammar: The Gerund Construction.

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise reading of the following words:

burn [b∂:n], therefore [ ’ ðε∂f:], require [rı ’ kwaı∂], ton [tΛn], however [hau ’ ev∂], thunderstorm [ ’ ΘΛnd∂st:m], mankind [mæn ’ kaınd], light [laıt], thus [ðΛs], atmospheric [,ætm∂sferık], earth [∂:Θ], key [ki:], thought [Θ:t], among [∂ ’ mΛŋ], electrify [ı ’ lektrıfaı], jar [ dz a:], use [ju:s], famous [ ’ feım∂s].

II. Try to memorize English words and word-groups and their Ukrainian equivalents:

all over the world - у всьму світі, because of - внаслідок того, to burn - горіти, to connect - з’єднувати, to develop - розвивати, discovery - відкриття, to electrify - електрифікувати, field - поле, галузь науки, техніки, instead of - замість, to mention - згадувати, power - енергія, to protect - захищати, substance - речовина, матерія, valuable - цінний.

III. Translate the words and their derivatives:

to connect - connection - to disconnect; to develop - development; discovery – to discover - discoverer - to rediscover; to electrify - electrification; engine - engineer - engineering; power - powerful - to power; to protect - protection - protector - protective; value - to value - valuable;

IV. Translate the following groups of words:

to turn coal; because of waterpower; to electrify metal; useful substance; the field of radio; to develop new devices; instead of chemical sources; to power the motor;

V. Find the sentences with a) the Gerundial Construction; b) Gerund with different functions;

1. The thunder is caused by heating the air by a spark.

2. A lightning conductor is a means of protecting buildings from strokes of lightning.

3. We know of this house being destroyed by a stroke of lightning.

4. After having studied the phenomenon of atmospheric electricity, Franklin invented the lightning conductor.

5. Franklin's having worked in the field of electricity is known the world over.

6. Before making experiments Franklin made numerous observations.

7. Protecting buildings from strokes of lightning was impossible before Franklin's time.

8. A lightning conductor is capable of protecting buildings from strokes of lightning.

VI. Skim through text 8 and find the sentences with the Gerundial Construction. Translate them.

TEXT 8. ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY

Electricity plays such an important part in modern life that in order to get it, men have been burning millions of tons of coal. Coal is burned instead of its being mainly used as a source of valuable chemical substances which it contains. Therefore, finding new sources of electric energy is a most important problem that scientists and engineers try to solve. In this connection one might ask: "Is it possible to develop methods of harnessing lightning?" In other words, could atmospheric electricity be transformed into useful energy?

Indeed, hundreds of millions of volts are required for a lightning spark about one and half kilometers long. However, this does not represent very much energy because of the intervals between single thunderstorms. As for the power spent in producing lightning flashes all over the world, it is only about 1/10,000 of the power got by mankind from the sun, both in the form of light and that of heat. Thus, the source in question may interest only the scientist of the future.

It has already been mentioned that atmospheric electricity is the earliest manifestation of electricity known to man. However, nobody understood that phenomenon and its properties until Benjamin Franklin made his kite experiment. On studying the Leyden jar (for long years the only known condenser), Franklin began thinking that lightning was a strong spark of

electricity. He began experimenting in order to draw electricity from the clouds to the earth. The story about his famous kite is known all over the world.

On a stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country taking with them some necessary things such as: a kite with a long string, a key and so on. The key was connected to the lower end of string. "If lightning is the same as electricity," Franklin thought, "then some of its sparks must come down the kite string to the key." Soon the kite was frying high among the clouds where lightning flashed. However, the kite having been raised, some tine passed before there was any proof of its being electrified. Then the rain fell and wetted the string. The wet string conducted the electricity from the clouds down the string to the key. Franklin and his son both saw electric sparks which grew bigger and stronger. Thus, it was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity like that got from the batteries of Leyden jars.

Trying to develop a method of protecting buildings during thunderstorms, Franklin continued studying that problem and invented lightning conductor. He wrote necessary instructions for the installation of his invention, the principle of his lightning conductor being in use until now. Thus, protecting buildings from strokes of lightning was the first discovery in the field of electricity employed for the good of mankind.

Exercises

I. Answer the following questions:

1.What is one of the most important problems that scientists and engineers try to solve?

2. Is it possible to develop methods of harnessing lightning?

3. Why doesn't a lightning spark represent very much energy?

4. What experiment did Benjamin Franklin make?

5. How did he prove that lightning is a discharge of electricity?

6. Who invented the lightning conductor?

7. What was the first discovery in the field of electricity employed for the good of mankind.

II. Ask your partner questions using the information of the following sentences:

1. Coal is burned instead of its being mainly used as a source

Дата добавления: 2017-02-01