The Kiev Polytechnic Institute 4 страница

Unit 11

Grammar: The Infinitive.

Pre-text Exercises

1. Practise reading of the following words:

Thus [ðΛs], ability [∂’bılıtı], behaviour [bı’heıvj∂], phenome-non [fı’n mın∂n], previously [’pri:vj∂slı], least [li:st], object [’ b dz ıkt], control [k∂n’tr∂ul], opposite [’ p∂zıt], academi-cian [∂,kæd ∂’mı∫(∂)n], another [∂’nΛð∂], result [rı’zΛlt], unit [’ju:nıt], develop [dı’vel∂p], dead [ded], jump [d z Λmp], thought [Θ:t], pair [pε∂], layer [’leı∂], wire [’waı∂], continuous [k∂n’tınju∂s], biography [baı’ gr∂fı], chemical [’kemık(∂)l], died [daıd], age [eıd z ].

II. Try to memorize English words and word-groups and their Ukrainian equivalents.

As well as - так само як; at rest - y cпoкoю, у нерухомості; behaviour - поведінка, режим (праці); charge - заряд; condition -умова, варунок, стан; to control - керувати, контролювати; copper - мідь; to flow - текти; in motion - у русі; negative -негативний; opposite - протилежний; positive - позитивний; previously - заздалегідь, спершу, передчасно; to remember - пaм'ятaти, згадувати; the rest of - залищок; to travel - подорожувати, рухатися; to try - робити спробу, намагатися, піддавати іспиту; unlike - різнойменний.

III. Translate the words and their derivatives.

charge - to charge - chargeable- to discharge - to recharge – rechargeable;

to control - control - controllable;

condition - conditional - to condition;

negative - negation - negatively;

opposite - to oppose - opposition;

positive - positively;

to travel - travel - traveller.

IV. Choose the sentence with the infinitive expressing

III. Translate the following groups of words:

промислове застосування; у побуті; піч; що нагрівається електрикою; перетворюючий механічну енергію; постійний струм; в наслідку; що стосуеться; обходитися без;

IV. Find the wrong statements and correct them.

1. It is impossible to measure the temperature of hot flowing metals.

2. The industrial application of the electric current contributes to the technological progress.

3. We use few electrical devices in our everyday life.

4. Modern civilization can do without the electric current.

5. The electric motor operates all electrical devices.

V. Find the correct answer out of the three given below:

What device

1. measures the temperature of hot metals?

a) refrigerator

b) pyrometer

c) motor

2. transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy?

a) bicycle

b) telephone

c) motor

3. lifts objects weighing hundreds of tons?

a) electric crane

b) electric furnace

c) vacuum cleaner

4. melts great masses of metal?

a) electric motor

b) electric furnace

c) vacuum cleaner

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participle:

1. Speaking of the electrically operated devices, one can mention the refrigerator.

2. Having mentioned the name of Volta, the teacher spoke about his invention.

3. The first source of continuous current constructed by Volta appeared in 1800.

4. The temperature of hot flowing metals is often measured by the electric pyrometer.

5. The pyrometer, used in industry is a device measuring temperature.

6. The pyrometer showing the temperature of metals melted in furnaces is also an electrical device.

7. Making this instrument, we could not do without a machine operated by electricity.

8. Being widely used in industry, electrical motors are also used in every home.

9. The problem solved helped to increase the speed of the train.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of Participle II:

1. The discovery mentioned remained unknown to most scientists for a long time.

2. The equipment tested required further improvement.

3. When passed through a motor, electric current can do work.

4. The students have conducted all the experiments.

5. When heated, a magnet loses some of its magnetism.

6. The results received changed with material used.

7. The methods introduced received general recognition.

8. The device used in our work is up-to-date.

9. The device tested is looked upon as an experimental one.

10. The investigation analyzed resulted in an interesting discovery.

VIII. Speak on:

1. The use of the electric current in industry.

2. The use of electric current in everyday life.

IX. Retell the text.

VII. Answer the following questions.

1. What is this text about? 2. What do you do if you want to boil water? 3. What is the temperature of boiling water? 4. What instrument is used for measuring temperature? 5. What did Galileo invent? 6. What do you know about the air thermometer? 7. What is the difference between the Fahrenheit and the Centigrade scales? 8. What instrument measures the temperature of hot metals? 9. What is the difference between the mercury thermometer and the pyrometer? 10. When does water freeze?

Vlll. Divide Text 10 into logical parts and find the topical sentences in each part.

temperature difference, boiling point, atmospheric pressure, numerical data, mercury thermometer, electrical device.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the underlined words:

1. You are the only engineer who speaks both English and German.

2. This is the only book by Turgenev that I haven't read.

3. All countries should use nuclear power for peaceful purposes only.

4. This phenomenon was studied first by Sokolov and then by Hovikov.

5. Novikov's result was certainly better than that of his comrade.

6. Galileo constructed an air thermometer, some years later a French scientist constructed another one, in which water was used instead of air.

7. Both Lomonosov and Rihman studied atmospheric electricity, the latter being Lomonosov's friend.

8. There are 26 letters in the English language.

9. The last letter of the English alphabet is "z".

10. Some students work and study at the same time.

11. This engineer carried on some experiments on the properties of semiconductors.

V. Make the miniature dialogues according to the model; use

"I'd like to" or "I'd hate to" and the Gerund in the answers.

Model:

1. Woman: Are you going to give her a New Year present?

Man: I’d like to. I like giving people presents.

2. W.: Will you really hate to go to the dentist tomorrow?

M.: I'd bate to. I hate going to the dentist.

1. Will you really hate to read this detective story?

2. Are you going to give a birthday party this year?

3. I am sure you are not going to miss another English lecture. 4. I understand you are going there by air, aren't you?

5. Then you are not going to keep a diet, are you?

6. I am sure you will help your younger sister with her physics.

VI. Find all the Gerund and Participles in the text (except the Participles making part of the Continuous tense forms of the verbs) and analyse their use and translation in the sentences.

Unit 6.

Grammar: The Absolute Participle Construction.

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise reading of the following words:

language [’læŋgwı dz ], science [’saı∂ns], ability [∂’bılıtı], mechanical [mı’kænık∂l], potential [p∂u’ten∫∂l], energy [’en∂dzı], chemical [’kemık(∂)l], turbine [’t∂:bın], hydroelec-tric [’haıdr∂uı’lektrık], employ [ım’pl ı], either [’aıð∂], generate [’dzen∂reıt], civilization [,sıvılaı’zeı∫∂n], industrial [ın’dΛstrı∂l], industry [’ınd∂strı], electricity [ılek’trısıtı], directly [dı’rektlı], numerous [’nju:m∂r∂s], kinetic [kaı’netık].

II. Try to memorize English words and word-groups and their Ukrainian equivalents:

battery - батарея, to change - змінювати, перетворювати, chemical - хімічний, to drive - приводити в рух, to employ - застосовувати, використовувати, generrally - звичайно, to harness - використовувати енергію, generator - генератор, kind - вид, pід, to produce - виробляти, source - джерело, solar - сонячний, semiconductor - напівпрводник, to turn - перетворювати.

III. Translate the words and their derivatives:

chemical - chemistry - chemist - chemically; to drive - drive -driver; to employ - employment - employer; generator - generation - to generate; to produce - produce - production - producer - to reproduce - reproduction;

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.

1. An object losing its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy.

2. Water falling from its raised position, energy is changed from potential to kinetic one.

3. Electrical devices find a wide application in every house, a refrigerator being one of them.

4. There being a hydroelectric station at the waterfall, the energy of the falling water is used to drive the turbines.

5. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy.

6. There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all forms of energy.

7. Industrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed every year.

TEXT 6. ENERGY

In the language of science energy is the ability to do work. There are various forms of energy, such as heat, mechanical electrical, chemical, atomic and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical energy - potential and kinetic, potential energy being the energy of position while kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

It is well known that one form of energy can be changed into another. A waterfall may serve as an example. Water falling from its raised position, energy changes from potential to kinetic energy. The energy of falling water is generally used to turn the turbines of hydroelectric stations. The turbines in their turn drive the electric generators, the latter producing electric energy. Thus, the mechanical energy of falling water is turned into electric energy. The electric energy, in its turn, may be transformed into any other necessary form.

When an object loses its potential energy, that energy is turned info kinetic energy. Thus, in the above-mentioned example when water is falling from its raised position, it certainly loses its potential energy, that energy changing into kinetic energy.

We have already seen that energy of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. Generally speaking, the sources of energy usually employed to produce current are either chemical, as in the electromagnetic generator. Chemical sources of current having a limited application, the great quantities of electric energy generated today come from various forms of mechanical energy.

mostly employed since that time.

On the Fahrenheit scale the boiling point of water is taken as 212° and the freezing point as 32°, the interval being divided into 180 equal parts. The scale under consideration is indicated by writing the letter F after the temperature, as for example, 212°F. This scale is mainly used in English-speaking countries.

So far we have not mentioned the Centigrade scale. On the Centigrade scale the freezing point of water is marked 0°C and the boiling point is marked 100°C, the letter C indicating this scale.

Speaking of thermometers, one must make reference to the pyrometer. We know of its being used for measuring temperatures that are too high for mercury thermometers. We also know of its finding wide application in industry.

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words and word combinations given below.

1. A thermometer is employed for... temperature and for... its changes. 2. As early as 1602 Galileo invented an.... 3. The... scale is employed in our country. 4.... looks like a yellow stone. 5. The Fahrenheit scale is mainly used in.... 6. Galileo's air thermometer was sensitive to.... 7. The scientists worked out the plan of their... research.

Centigrade, amber, measuring, English-speaking countries, air thermometer, indicating, changes of atmospheric pressure, scientific.

II. For the verbs in (a) find suitable nouns in (b):

a) 1. to carry out; 2. to put into; 3. to contribute to; 4. to solve; 5. to deliver; 6. to take part in; 7. to go;

b) 1. research; 2, a problem; 3. on foot; 4. an experiment; 5. operation; 6, science; 7. a lecture.

III. Translate the following combinations:

temperature scale, lightning conductor, freezing point, human body, German-speaking countries, measuring instrument,

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0^oC, the boiling point being marked 100^oC. 8. On being rubbed amber obtains the ability of attracting objects.

Text 10. HISTORY 0F THERMOMETERS

Placing a kettle full of cold water on the fire is quite an ordinary thing. This time we shall do it to carry out a simple experiment. Placing a finger into the kettle from time to time, we find that the water is gradually becoming hotter and hotter, until it boils at last. In scientific language we describe this phenomenon by saying that the temperature of the water is rising.

However, we need some more exact means of measuring the difference of temperature than our finger. In effect, the finger can give us neither exact information, nor numeral data.

As a matter of fact, the very first step in the development of heat engineering made it necessary to find a device for indicating temperature and for measuring its changes. As is well known, the thermometer is the very instrument that serves this purpose.

As early as 1602, Galileo invented an air thermometer. It consisted of a glass bulb containing air and connected to a glass tube, the latter being immersed into a coloured liquid. Galileo's air thermometer was sensitive not only to temperature changes but also to changes of atmospheric pressure.

The type of thermometer familiar to everyone at present was first put into general use as early as 1654. Making the first measuring instruments was not an easy thing at all. Needless to say, the most difficult problem of all was that of marking the degrees on the thermometer, in other words, of graduating the scale. It was decided, at last, to take two fixed points and to divide the interval between them into small equallparts of degrees. And then, in 1701, Isaac Newton, the famous English scientist, whose name is known all over the world, constructed a scale in which the freezing point of water was taken as zero and the temperature of the human body as 12^oC.

Some time later the German physicist Fahrenheit proved that the temperature of boiling water was always the same at the same atmospheric pressure. It might therefore be used as a second fixed point instead of the temperature of the human body. As for the liquid used, it was mercury which has been

The rising standards of modern civilization and growing industrial application of the electric current result in an increasing need of energy. Every year we need more and more energy. We need it to do a lot of useful things that are done by electricity. However, the energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs of the world are increasing.

These needs will continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry and more electric current is employed in everyday life. As a result, it is necessary to find new sources of energy.

The sun is an unlimited source of energy. However, at present, only a little part of solar energy is being used directly. How can we employ solar energy directly to produce useful energy? This is a question which has interested scientists and inventors for a long time. Lavoisier and other great scientists of the past melted metals with the help of solar furnaces. Today, solar furnaces illustrate just one of the numerous ways to harness the sun. Using semiconductors, scientists, for example, have transformed solar energy into electric energy.

Exercises.

I. Answer the question: "Do you know...?"

1. Do you know what is energy in the language of science?

2. Do you know where the energy of falling water is used?

3. Do you know what sources of energy to produce current are usually employed?

4. Do you know why chemical sources of energy have limited application?

5. Do you know why we need more and more energy?

6. Do you know how solar energy is being used now?

7. Do you know how scientists have transformed solar energy into electric one?

II.For the words given in (a) find the Ukrainian equivalents in (b).

a) 1. to transform; 2. device; 3. application; 4. chemical; 5. potential; 6. source; 7. station; 8. to produce; 9. to drive;

10. to serve; 11. to do without; 12. to make use of; 13. as for; 14. to pay a part; 15. semiconductor;

b) 1. служити; 2. грати роль; 3. застосування; 3. напівпровод-ник; 5. застосовувати; 6. джерело; 7. що стосується; 8. потенціальний; 9. застосування;10. перетворювати;

11.cтанція; 12. виробляти; 13.хімічний; 14. обходитися без; 15. приводити в рух;

III. Find the correct term out of the three given below:

1. The motor changes electrical energy into

a) heat energy;

b) chemical energy;

c) mechanical energy;

2. The generator changes mechanical energy into

a) chemical energy;

b) electrical energy;

c) light energy;

3. The battery changes chemical energy into

a) solar energy;

b) heat energy;

c) electric energy;

4. The electric furnace changes electric energy into

a) heat energy;

b) chemical energy;

c) mechanical energy;

5. The vacuum cleaner changes electrical energy into

a) light energy;

b) mechanical energy;

c) solar energy.

IV. Find the sentences with the absolute Particle Construction and translate them.

1. The girl is finishing her work.

2. The word is being finished by the girl.

3. The girl finishing her work is my sister.

4. Finishing her work, the girl was speaking to her friend.

5. The work having been finished, the students went home.

6. Having finished her work, the girl went for a walk.

7. Having been finished in time, the work was given to the teacher.

8. My brother finished his work, his friend having helped him.

V. Compare (a) and (b) paying attention to the Participle.

1. (a) Having brought the dictionaries from the library, the students began to translate the article.

(b) The dictionaries having been brought from the library,

Unit 10

Grammar: The Participle. The Gerund. Set Expressions.

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise reading of the following words:

Thermo-couple [’Θ∂:m∂ukΛpl], quite [kwaıt], gradually [’grædju∂lı], language [’læŋgwıd z ], phenomenon [fı’n mı-n∂n], rise [raız], however [hau’ev∂], measure [’me z ∂], effect [ı’fekt], neither [’naıð∂], data [’deıt∂], numerical [nju(:)’me-rık(∂)l], development [dı’vel∂pm∂nt], purpose [’p∂:p∂s], air [ε∂], pressure [’pre∫∂], instrument [’ınstru-m∂nt],famous [’feım∂s], German [’dz∂:m∂n], physicist [’fızı-sıst], Fahren-heit [’fæ:r(∂)nhaıt], therefore [’ðε∂f:], liquid [’lıkwıg], mercury [’m∂:kjurı].

II. Try to memorize English words and word-groups and their Ukrainian equivalents.

Body - тіло, to boil - кипіти, boiling point - точка кипіння, degree - градус, ступень, data - дані, difference – різниця, freezing point - точка замерзаня, to indicate - показувати, вказувати, the latter - останній iз эгаданих вище, liquid - рідина, means - зaciб, mercury - ртуть, pressure - тиск, purpose - мета, намір, to put into use - вводити в дію, запускати, to rise - підніматися, зростати.

III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the nonfinite forms of the verb.

1. For heating a body, we place it in contact with another body at a higher temperature. 2. There are two diagrams in this figure, one of them showing the temperature difference. 3. Comparing the data obtained by our tests is the only means of solving the problem in question. 4. The instrument for measuring the temperature of hot flowing metals is now widely used in our laboratory. 5. The engineers carried out the experiment, looking at the scale of the thermometer from time to time. 6. Thermometers are employed for measuring temperature differences. 7. On the Centigrade scale the freezing point of water is marked

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11. Gilbert greatly contributed to the study of magnetism, Galileo taking great interest in Giblet’s achievements.

V. Translate the following sentences using either the Gerund or the Participle and define their functions.

1. Розщеплюючи атом, людина може одержати велику кількість енергії.

2. Існують різні види електростанцій, причому теплові энаходять широке эастосування у нашій країні.

3. Роэміщуючи эалізний предмет у полі магніта, ми намагнічуємо його.

4. Працюючи у галузі електрики, вчені зробили великий внесок у науку.

5. Ми энаемо, що Галілей створив перший у світі телескоп.

VI. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What is the relation between magnetism and electricity?

2. Do people know who discovered magnetism?

3. What was the earliest practical application of magnetism?

4. What English physicist of the l6-th century wrote a book on magnetism?

5. Who took great interest in Giblet’s achievements?

6. What can you say about the molecules of magnetic materials?

7. What happens when steel and iron are magnetized?

8. What is the result of dividing a bar magnet into 2 parts?

9. What is the result of placing an unmagnetized iron bar near a strong magnet?

VII. Divide Text 9 into logical parts and find the topical sепtences in each part.

VIII. Retell the text.

the students began to translate the article.

2. (a) Having finished my translation, I gave it to the teacher.

(b) The translation having been finished, I gave it to the teacher.

3. (a) Having finished the experiment, the students left the laboratory.

(b) The experiment having been finished, the students left the laboratory.

4. (a) The professor delivering the lecture is a famous scientists.

(b) The professor delivering the lecture, the students were listening to him with great interest.

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction:

1. The experiments being demonstrated, all the students watched them with great attention.

2. There are two diagrams in this figure, one of them showing the relation between volume and temperature.

3. Atoms consist of three kinds of particles - electrons, protons and neutrons, the number of particles determining the kind of element.

4. The experiment having been carried out, the students left the lab.

5. We defined the volume, all the measurements, having been done with respect to the instruction.

6. The workers increased the output of measuring instruments, new devices having been applied in all the shops of the plant.

7. I was writing the translation, my friend helping me.

8. Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the battery is transformed into electric energy.

9. Electrons leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged.

VII. Divide text 2 into logical parts and find the topical sentences in each part.

VIII. Retell text 6.

Unit. 7

Grammar: The Gerund.

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise reading of the following words:

Lightning [ ’ laıtnıŋ]; people [ ’ pi:pl]; electron [ı ’ lektr n] experiment [ıks ’ perım∂nt]; although [:l ’ ð∂u]; atmospheric [,ætm∂s ’ ferık]; thunderstorm [ ’ ΘΛndest:m]; however [hau ’ ev∂]; sky [skaı]; destroy [dıs ’ tr ı]; dangerous [ ’ deındzr∂s]; phenomenon [fı ’ n mın∂n]; imagine [ı ’ mæ dz ın]; numerous [ ’ nju:m∂r∂s]; discharge [dıs ’ t∫a:dz]; danger [ ’ deındz∂]; earth [∂:Θ]; measure [ ’ mez∂]; nothing [ ’ nΛΘıŋ].

II. Try to memorize English words and word-groups and their Ukrainian equivalents:

to change - заряджати, to conduct - проводити, dangerous - небезпечний, to destroy -руйнувати, to discharge - руйнувати, to invent - винаходити, lighting - блискавка, to name after - називати у честь, observation - спостереження, path -шлях, контур, phenomenon -явище, property - властивість, to provide –постачати, забезпечувати, scientific - науковий, to solve a problem - розв'яэувати задачу.

III. Translate the words and their derivatives into Ukrainian:

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