Lesson 6.2.2. Solutions of Ecological Problems

Writing

Speaking

Listening

Translating

Post-reading

Ex 7. Vocabulary note: There is the difference between affect and effect. Use the verb affect to talk about making changes, and the noun effect to talk about the result of changes: Do you think the changes in the law will affect us? / I don’t know what effect they will have. Effect can be used as a verb, but only in very formal English. Translate the following:

1. Their health was badly affected by the climate. 2. Some plants are quickly affected by pollution. 3.I think it is necessary to effect a change in the plan. 4. The deterioration of the biosphere affects all the population of the planet. 5. He was affected by the news. 6. The changes in the environment affected the climate. 7. The payments of his debts can be effected by an agreement. 8. I don't think this measure can effect a favourable change.

Ex 8. Pay attention to the conjunctions while translating the sentences:

1. Acid rains affect both plant and animal life. 2. Environmental problems, despite their relatively short history, have already been an object of a number of international discussions. 3. Despite drastic anti-pollution measures taken by the government the ecological situation remains serious. 4. Environmental problems are being intensively studied at present, yet they are far from being solved. 5. Overuse of synthetic chemical fertilizers is affecting fish and wildlife, as the chemicals drain through the fields into streams and ponds. 6. As the population of large cities continues to grow, the pollution problems get worse. 7. Urgent measures must be taken, if we are not to leave a dangerous and despoiled planet to future generations. 8. Environmental pollution affects every country, whether industrial or agrarian. 9. Since acid rains are a major threat to forests, possibilities of preventing them are being worked out.

Ex 9. The information of the following text may be used later in speaking and writing. Translate into Russian:

“The Effects of Global Warming”

Climate change would increase the number of people suffering from disease, injury and death from heatwaves, floods, storms, fires and droughts. Floods and tropical cyclones have the greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. In August 2003, a heatwave in Europe resulted in excess mortality in the range of 35,000 total deaths. Drought reduces variety in diets and reduces overall consumption leading to malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies.

Climate change would increase cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality associated with ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone is both naturally occurring and is the primary constituent of urban smog. Ozone in smog is formed through chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and other compounds. The reaction is a photochemical reaction, meaning that it involves electromagnetic radiation, and occurs in the presence of bright sunshine and high temperatures. Exposure to elevated concentrations of ozone is associated with increased hospital admissions for pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis and other respiratory diseases, and with premature mortality.

A study by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) estimated the effect of climate change on human health. Climate change was estimated to have been responsible for 3% of diarrhea, 3% of malaria, and 3.8% of dengue fever deaths worldwide in 2004. Total attributable mortality was about 0.2% of deaths in 2004; of these, 85% were child deaths. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

Ex 10. First listen and tick. Then, listen and repeat.

	/u:/	/ju:/		/u:/	/ju:/
shoot			suit
fume			true
few			new
shoe			proof

Ex 11. Read the table, then listen to the tape and fill in the missing information. Finally, talk about the problems, causes and effects mentioned.

PROBLEM CAUSES EFFECTS
litter	lack of education	streets are……………, people catch diseases
air pollution	factories and……. Pollute the air	cause serious…problems, trees and…are damaged
water pollution	factories dump waste into…, sea is polluted with….from tankers.	people suffer from……….. problems, fish are killed, rivers are contaminated
destruction of forests	people cut down or……. ………forests	animals and plants lose their….., ….., animals may even become extinct, people have less………. to breath

Ex 12. Discussion questions:

1. Global environmental hazards: which are more alarming?

· global warming

· ozone depletion

· toxic and nuclear waste

(continue the list, look at the pictures of the unit)

2. In what ways can you help solve environmental problems facing our planet?

Ex 13. Look at the sentences and match the suggestions with their results. Then, link the sentences with so that or to and talk about how we can improve the living conditions in our cities.

SUGGESTIONS

1. Governments should improve public transport.

2. People should get involved in recycling schemes.

3. We should ban cars from city centers.

4. Government should force factories to put filters on chimneys.

5.We should stop using the products of companies whose factories cause pollution.

RESULTS

a) There will be less rubbish to pollute the environment.

b) We will force them to use environmentally friendly production methods.

c) We can make the streets cleaner, safer and quieter.

d) People won’t have to use cars to get around.

e) The harmful gases won't be able to pollute the atmosphere.

Ex 14. The situation: Your town is facing serious problems. The streets are full of rubbish, there are too many cars, people keep cutting down the trees to make space for more buildings, the nearby river is being polluted with chemicals from the factories and people are suffering from breathing problems and stomach illnesses. Suggest ways to improve the situation, explaining the results of each suggestion.

Ex 15. The situation of intercultural communication:

You’re participating in the International Conference on Ecological Problems. You’re to speak about the results of the studies conducted with the effects of climate change on human health.

Ex.16. a) Read a brief information on letter writing:

A good letter should consist of:

a. the correct greeting (Dear John, Dear Mrs Newton, Dear Sir/Madam).

b. an introduction in which we clearly state the reason we are writing.

c. the main body in which we develop our subject, introducing each main point in

separate paragraphs.

d. a final paragraph in which we sum up what we talked about before or we express

our wish for sth to be done.

e. an appropriate ending (Yours/Best Wishes, + name, Yours sincerely/Yours faithfully, + full name).

The characteristics of formal style in letters are:

· the greeting (Dear Mr Rydd, Dear Sir)

· frequent use of passive voice

· formal language (complex sentences, non-colloquial English)

· no abbreviated forms

· the closing remark (Yours sincerely/Yours faithfully, Mary Hill)

b) Some of your relatives suffer from serious stomach diseases caused, as doctors say, by polluted water. Write a letter of complaint to the local mass media about the nearby polluted river.

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