Urban Planning

Part One

Urban (town) planning integrates land use planning and transpor­tation planning to improve the built, economic and social environ­ments of communities. It is a tool for guiding and facilitating devel­
opment and regeneration in a way that also preserves the best features of our environment. [Town planning can include urban renewal by

adapting its methods to existing cities suffering from decay and lack of investment ]

As a town planning scheme must both direct and limit the devel­opment of the area to which it applies, it should be based on a large- scale survey of all existing conditions. Civic survey covers social and economic condition of the population, prognosis of its future increase, its requirements for industrial, educational, recreational, and other purposes, and historic and archaeological interest associated with the locality. Geological survey explores natural conditions of the site: lay of land, the natures of soils and sub-soils, underground waters together with the average rainfall, prevailing winds and other climatic details. A thorough survey of all communication and utility lines should be also conducted.

[Much of this information is summarized in diagrams and maps, showing all transport lines, drainage. water, gas. electricity, and other systems.]⁰ A serious study of all that goes to make up the individuali­ty of the town from an architect's point of view is needed. A survey should be made of all features worth preserving, including well- grown trees

The closest attention should be focused on traffic facilities as they are important determining factors of urban planning and greatly influ­ence the design. Transport within urbanized areas presents unique problems: it can harm businesses and increase pollution unless prop­erly managed. The formation of appropriate zones (administrative, commercial, educational or recreational) not only makes for economic efficiency. but helps architectural design to provide points of empha­sis around which the plan can be arranged. Traffic should be just out­side the centre itself, convenience requiring ready access from all di­rections to such a centre. (1 800 и.зн.)

Part Two

[Thus, successful urban planning considers urban character, local identity, respects heritage, pedestrians, traffic, utilities and natural ha­zards.]⁰ Recent theories of urban planning see the city as an adaptive system that grows according to process similar to those of plants, and urban planning should take its cues from such natural processes.

Sustainable development and sustainability influence today's ur­ban planners. Some planners argue that modern lifestyles use too many natural resources, polluting or destroying ecosystems, increas­ing social inequality, creating urban heat islands, and causing climate change. Many urban planners, therefore, advocate sustainable cities, though it is a recent, controversial concept. [Sustainable urban devel­opment can be defined as 'development that improves the long-term social and ecological health of cities and towns'.]⁰ Here are a 'sustain­able* city features: compact, efficient land use; less automobile use, yet better access; efficient resource use; less pollution and waste; the restoration of natural systems; good housing and living environments; a healthy social ecology; a sustainable economy; community partici­pation and involvement; and presentation of local culture and wis­dom.

(1 070 п.зн.)

4. Соедините части предложений (ABC), чтобы получить законченное высказывание.

А.

■ Recent theories of urban planning see the city as...

■ Some planners argue that modern...

■ As a town planning scheme must...

■ Urban planning is a tool for guiding and facilitating...

■ Traffic can harm businesses...

■ A serious study of all that goes to make up...

■ Sustainable urban development can be...

B.

§...and increase pollution...

§...an adaptive system that grows according to process...

§...defined as 'development that improves the long-term.

§...development and regeneration in a way that...

§...lifestyles use too many natural resources, polluting or destroy­ing ecosystems, increasing social...

§...both direct and limit the development of the area to which it applies, it should...

§...the individuality of the town from...

C.

§...inequality, creating urban heat islands, and causing climate change.

§...also preserves the best features of our environment.

§...unless properly managed.

§...social and ecological health of cities and towns.

§...similar to those of plants, and urban planning should take its cues from such natural processes.

§...be based on a large-scale survey of all existing condition*.

§...an architect's point of view is needed.

5. Из приведённых слов сложите предложения.

ü ready access, traffic, outside, to such a centre, requiring, just, from all directions, the centre itself, convenience, should be:

ü regulates, concerning creation, town planning, code, of the settling, this, and accomplishment system, the whole range of issues, building:

ü to manage the uses of land, planners, the grow th of cities, and growth management, nowadays, like zoning, help manage, applying tools, can:

ü have also existed, alongside, from ancient times, and towns, organic communities, planned cities:

ü livable communities, is, to recognize, in creating, it. and pro­mote, a special day, the role of planning.

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