Foreword

Intensification at the present stage of these types of socio-cultural interaction, globalization, language, and cultural expansion, diffusion contributed to the updating processes of interethnic communication and exchange of a variety of information between representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities. Intercultural communication between multilingual interactants requires knowledge of a common language and appropriate social and cultural experience. Ignorance of a secondary language code required for communicative interaction between partners leads to a necessity of mediating activity of the translator, because this kind of transfer satisfies the need of communication between people, for knowing the language and principles of other cultures in the situation of bilingual communication. In this regard, there is increasing interest in the problems of translation, to its theory.
In recent decades, a large number of publications on this or other general or specific aspects of the theory and practice of translation appeared. However, in the literature investigating the questions of translation activities, there is still not solved fully the basic problems of translation. Theory of translation as an academic discipline is still evolving, it is not institutionalized and has not received the status of science, highlighting the problems of translation theory, revealing the essence of the process of transferring, systematizing its types, methods, methods that could guide and intensify the translation activity. Due to the fact that so far there is not developed a general theory of translation, the richest practice of translation has not received the sufficient theoretical understanding of the modern Humanities linguistics. According to the testimony of A. D. Schweitzer, there have been done in this area only the first, albeit promising steps in understanding the nature and fundamental laws of the translation process. These first steps are the two problems applying for a theoretical solution: 1) fundamental issues such as the status of the theory of translation, the essence of the translation, definition of the limits of translation, translatability, adequacy; 2) problems due to the procedural aspect of translation, namely: technology transfer (procedures and strategies of translation, translation as a communicative act, and others) [Schweitzer, 1988, 4].
The problems caused by the procedural aspect of translation, can be attributed to the establishment of the types of equivalences, and the question of translation transformations and its types. In addition, there is required the interpretation and theoretical study of issues related to the definition of the object, subject, methods of translation activity - categorical structure of this science. It is also necessary to identify communicative and active nature of translation as a secondary reproductive activity, to describe the language of the translator, the components of its competence, to focus on language and cultural differences that contribute to linguistic and ethnic barriers, and the emergence of linguistic and cultural interference.
Translation is a complex aspect of human activity requiring an integrated approach to its solution. Therefore, this textbook offers a theoretical concept of translation based on an interdisciplinary approach to the study of translation activity. It is a difficult methodological paradigm, which includes the principles and main provisions related to the sciences (linguistics, cultural studies, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, intercultural communication, text linguistics and theory of language contacts) used in the analysis of translation activity, that will be effective and efficient in the process of characteristics of the categorical system of translation as a discipline, the study of the personality of the translator as a bilingual person, the study of factors determining and regulating the translation process.

This tutorial helps, at least partly, to fill gaps in the general theory of translation. Without pretending to completeness and thoroughness of the stated problems and conditions, it in general outlines. And at the same time it seeks to theoretically understand them, identify ways to solve the problems. The authors, based on stated in translation studies results, expressed their views on some problems of the general theory of translation. Its purpose is to acquaint the students with the theoretical problems of the general theory and practice of translation.
The educational material presented in the book on modular technology, which includes the package of submodules, such as: 1) theoretical submodule (theory), illustrative submodule ("Graphics", "Examples"), reference submodule ("Glossary", "List of basic and additional literature", "reference sites"), the controlling submodule ("Job", "Exercises"), the control submodule ("questions and answers on them." Interim tests on the topic is a statistical submodule ("Result frames").
There are 14 case of modules. They contain the instructional materials needed to implement the training, fixing, controlling, statistics of the resulting program. In each case in a compressed form there is presented some theoretical information on the topic of discipline "Theory of translation", it is shown in the illustrating materials specified as a primary and secondary literature, information sites, the "Glossary" on the subject, there are given the assignments, exercises to consolidate and assimilate the material learned. In addition, in each case there are given the questions for self-control, hypoparathyroidism, composed tests for intermediate control on the topic. The results of the answers to the questions - the ciphers to the tests are given in the statistical submodule. At the end of the book there is described the tests for the first, second, and final boundary control.
The cases containing the package information on the topic of the course, consistently present educational information:
Case module # 1. The main components of the categorical structure of science of the "Theory of translation" (it is characterized by the object, the subject of translation, provides a picture of the subject of translation activity);
Case module # 2. Methodology and methods of science "Theory of translation" (discusses the methodological foundations of this science, describes the General and private research methods used in the process of translation activities);
Case module # 3. The essence of translation (characterized as a kind of spiritual and practical, reproductive activity, as a kind of intercultural communication, as a linguistic-textual activity);
Case module # 4. The language of the translator as the subject of translation activity (characteristics of a language of personality of a translator, describes the parameters of its structure, scope);
Case module # 5. The problem of defining translation methods (translation clarifies the definition of translation, characterized by its types and describes the techniques used by translators in the process of professional activity);
Case module # 6. Modeling of the process of translation (describes the basic translation models described in the literature, we propose a new cognitive-pragmatic model of translation);
Case module # 7. Realities and gaps in Translation studies, transfer them to another language (characterized by the realities of the gaps and describes their types, specified translation techniques of realities and elimination of gaps);
Case module 8. The problem of translation of multiple-meaning words (a more detailed definition of polysemantic words, ambiguous words of different languages are investigated on the basis of contrastive-comparative method and identifies differences in their semantic structure, specify the techniques of multiple-meaning words translation);
Case module # 9. Idioms and problems of translation to another language (classification of phraseological units in linguistics and in translation studies reveals the peculiarities of phraseological units, considered ways of translating idioms into another language);
Case module No. 10. The problem of translation, synonyms, types, types of relationships between them (look at the synonyms, clarifies their definition, characterized by their types of relationships between synonyms);
Case module No. 11. The terms and the problem of translating (there are analysed the mistakes in the translation of terms, discusses the term-concept, identifies the techniques of translation of terms);
Case module No. 12. The translation of metaphor (there is discussed the cognitive theory of metaphor, the types of metaphorization, techniques of translation);
Case module No. 13. the problem of translation of metonymy (metonymy is characterized in linguistic and cognitive aspects, there are are considered the mental metonymic models, described the techniques of translation of metonymie);
Case module No. 14. Comparison and ways of their translation (there are analyzed the cognitive and linguistic nature of the comparison characterized by its national specifics and techniques of translation).

In the proposed tutorial there is described the main topics required to study the course of "Theory of translation", the prescribed model program for the undergraduate degree V - Translation.
There are dealt withthe problems of translation theory and the practical ways of their solution in this paper and it gives a complete picture of the difficulties and complications that arise in the process of translation activities: it addresses a number of questions concerning the nature of translation, types, models, the identity of the translator, "untranslatable", translation lexical expressive means, reflects the typical situation of difficulty, in which the translator aims at eliminating the problems of translation difficulties. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to develop the skills to determine the difficulties, to enhance their knowledge about the causes of complications in the translation, to focus on national-specific in the structure of cultural-linguistic and stylistic elements, learning the practical application of their knowledge and skills.
Structure of the manual is such as it allows one to engage in the learning process as a theoretical sources for the discussion of translation problems, and to enhance one's knowledge in the process of familiarization with illustrations, Glossary, literature on the topic, as well as assignments, exercises. In addition, the textbook provides for monitoring of the teaching material on the topic, which involves the checking of students ' knowledge in the answers to the questions for self-assessment and interim testing on the subject. At the end of the tutorial there are given tests for mid-term and final examinations for the course of "Theory of translation".

To determine a more accurate range of theoretical problems of this discipline, it is necessary to identify the main components of a categorical system of this or that science, which helps to build a common disciplinary theory. W.E. Aliyev explores such components as object, subject, method, function, the result of the operation of science, which are included in the disciplinary paradigm, and they are the integral components of the subject model, is a scientific discipline that allows one to submit its abstract status [Aliyev, 1996, 36].
There is the identification of the elements of a categorical structure of the discipline "Theory of translation" that contributes to the definition of its status and institutionalization.
The object of this discipline in many concepts is not clearly defined. According to A.I. Fedorov, theory of translation in its linguistic aspect analyzes, explains and summarizes the facts of translation experience, establishes correspondence and differences between languages" [Fedorov, 2002, 263].
The most consistent approach to the definition of the shared object translation was presented in the work A. Krasnyh "Introduction to a General theory of translation", in which the author's opinion was expressed such as that the theory of translation is not a linguistic and not literary, and is independent scientific discipline, with its own object and subject of research. However, in this work, the object is not separately considered and is represented as a conglomerate of items that should be united by the idea of translation.
The study of the concept by A. Krasnyh shows that the author, first, is not distinguishing between the object and the subject of the transfer; secondly, there are many research subjects that are poorly linked, they have no common ground; third, in spite of correct and successful definition of translation as the re-creation of the content and form of the original by means of another language", the author considers the problem of "recreation" as the object of translation [Lilova, 1985,40].
Only in the recent research the attempts of a distinction of the object and subject of translation were made. So, V.V. Sdobnikov and O.V. Petrov, considering that the object that belongs to the circle of material phenomena of the world, understood as the object of linguistic theory of translation "intermediary translation activities in the framework of interlingual communication submitted directly (process), and indirectly, that is "reflected in the results of the translation process" [Sdobnikov, Petrov, 2007, 70]. The subject of translation theory, in the opinion of the authors, is the study of the regularities in the translation process, factors influencing the course of the translation process and determining the result of the translation [Sdobnikov, Petrov, 70].
In general, the object and subject of translation theory is correct, because the object of translation is a translation activity, and the subject - the general principles of this process is to analyze which requires new knowledge. However, in the work there is not considered the rest of the categorical system of discipline, without which it is impossible to establish its status.

S.V. Seal does more fully discuss the conceptual framework of the discipline, namely: object, subject and methods, and the object and subject of translation theory are discussed separately. According to the author, "the object of study in translation studies is the process of cross-language verbal communication. This refers to the communication based mainly on natural (not artificial) verbal languages (not languages, signals, gestures, etc.)" [Seals, 2004, 28]. The subject of the science of translation, according to the researcher, "... is the actual process of translation activities, as well as the result(s) of such activity - text(s) of transfer (transfers) [Seals, 2004, 28].
This concept of translation, despite the reservation of the author, that cross-language communication as the object of translation is carried out with the help of a translator (or translation), the object does not reflect the nature of translation and does not characterize its essence, because the translation is not communication, and activities related to communication, whereby a secondary character. The discipline's subject and object are mixed, then how should they be allocated on the basis of various criteria. The object is a key concept in the logic of categorial system of translation. As to the thinking of W.E. Aliyev, the object of scientific disciplines is "things, phenomena, processes of reality, interact with the subjects of science in cognitive research”. Here the object is the product of interaction of the subject and objective reality and as such does not exist outside of the subject [2, 39]. According to the criterion of "essence of existence" W.E. Aliyev clearly distinguished from the object of study and the object of knowledge. The object of research is something that is directed to the cognitive research activity of the subject of this science (existence). Object knowledge (nature) - "what is found in this object, which is itself the desired theoretical economic knowledge, which is actually the subject of this science [Aliyev, 1996, 117].
On the basis of a common object definition and criterion of "essence of existence", we define the object of theoretical knowledge in translation as translation ability, immanent translation activities, but actualizing in the process of secondary reproductive spoken text and mediating activity of the translator. This definition is set to something that is directed cognitive activity of the subject of the research, namely: translation ability, manifested in the ability to recreate the content and form of the original in the target language. If language ability, according to Y.U. Karaulov, is understood "as the ability of a structured isomorphic to the level of the unit of language representing the language from the perspective of the ability to create and understand texts" [Karaulov, 1987]. Translation ability is realized in the ability to speak two languages, to understand the source text and copy it to the target language, to carry out the interpretation of the text and recreate it in another language according to the author, to aware of the technology transfer, to take part in intercultural communication-texture array of activities, to convey the artistic intent of the author and features of the art image in the work.

Because the translation ability is manifested in the process of translation activity, the object of knowledge can be itself the translation activity, which can be characterized as a secondary, reproductive activity, carried out in the process of interlingual communicative act during the use of the two languages and their normative value of correlation. The result of this secondary transformative activities are prepared in the form of text in the target language. As a result of translation activity it creates the translated text. In the process of forming and creating an updated translation abilities and skills.
On disciplinary grounds, the object of translation is characterized as polydisciplinary or complex, emerging at the crossroads of many disciplines, as translation is a complex process, which is determined by many diverse factors.

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