Key readings. 1. Aliyev UG General disciplinary theory of science. - Almaty: Gylym, 1996. 2. Altybaeva S.M., Madanova - literary translation and comparative literature. -

1. Aliyev UG General disciplinary theory of science. - Almaty: Gylym, 1996.
2. Altybaeva S.M., Madanova - literary translation and comparative literature. - Almaty: National publishing office of the Kazakh Academy of education imielinski, 2000.
3. Lilova A. Introduction to the General theory of translation. - M., 1985.
4. Sdobnikov V.V., Petrov O. Theory of translation. - M, AST: East-West, 2007.
5. Schweitzer A.D. Theory of translation: the status, problems, issues. - M.: Nauka, 1988.

Further reading

1. N.D. Arutyunova Language and the world of man): Languages of Russian culture, 1998.
2. YU.N. Karaulov. Russian language and linguistic personality. - M.: Nauka, 1987.
3. Komissarov V.N. Theory of translation (linguistic aspects) - M.: Higher school, 1990.
4. Kondubaeva MR Culture of Russian speech (in terms of bilingualism). - Almaty: Ana tili, 1993.
5. Kunanbaev S. Modern foreign language education: methodology and theory. - Almaty, 2005.
6. Left as the Art of translation. - M., 1974.
7. Evvoia J.V., Dolina E.V. Textbook on the theory of translation (English material. - M.: Philomatic, 2004.
8. Seals SV translation Theory. - M.: Gardarika, 2004.
9. Fedorov A.N. The foundations of the General theory of translation (linguistic problems). 5th ed. St. Petersburg: the Philological faculty of St. Petersburg state University. - M.: Publishing house "Philology three", 2002.
10. Shaimerdenova NJ, Avakov R.A., Language and ethnicity: tutorial - Almaty: Kazakh University, 2004.
11. Nenbert A. Text and translation //über-setzungswissenschaftliche Batrage 8 - Leipzig. 1985.
12. Stolze K. Grundlagen der Textüber setzung. - Heidelberg. 1982.

1.3.3. Reference and informational sites
www.onelook.com
Http://dmoz.org
Http://wwwtenmaxcom

1.4 Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises".

Tasks for independent work of students (IWS)

1. Be summarized paragraph "Subject, object and tasks of linguistic theory of translation in the book You, Ovitrelle "Theory of translation". - M, AST: East-West, 2007. - Pp.62-72.
2. Briefly summarized section of Chapter 1, "the status of the theory of translation" in the book Addwater "Theory of translation: the status, problems and aspects", - M., 1988. - P.6-36.

Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP)

1. Draw in his notebook the schema object translation theory".
2. Determine the subject of translation theory and understand for themselves in terms of the translation activity, product translation activities".
1. Explain the essence of the term "entity translation activities".
2. Determine what is the General object of translation theory in concept A. Purple, described in the book "Introduction to a General theory of translation" (M, 1985).
3. Write the definition of the object according to the criterion of "essence - existence" of monograph WE Aliyev General disciplinary theory of science". - Almaty, 1996.
4. Determine what is the nature of the translation process. Identify for this purpose, the ratio of translation theory from related disciplines, name them.
5. Select the activity essence of the translation. This article outline L.V. Scherba "About three aspects of speech activity and about the experiment in linguistics" in the book: L.V. Shcherba the Language system and speech activity. - L., 1974.
6. Install, what to do with the process of translation is cultural studies. Determine what is the differentiating feature of culture. Read the book NG Shaimerdenova and R.A. Avakova "Language and ethnicity". The tutorial. - Almaty: Kazakh University, 2004.
7. Define the concept of "Language picture of the world". Review the definition of the language picture of the world, this N Arutyunova in the book: N.D. Arutyunova "Language and the world of man". - M.: Languages of Russian culture, 1998.
8. Check whether the subject of the translation complex. Review the definition of a subject of translation, this VN. Komissarov in the book: guards NR. Theory of translation (linguistic aspects). - M.: Higher school, 1990.

1.4.2. Exercises
Exercise # 1.
Rewrite the test in a notebook, define the functions of the interpreter, after reading the following text:
Communication between cultures covers all levels and spheres of life, therefore, the representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities use a translator to communicate. However, the translator not only helps people who speak different languages to understand each other. In the negotiation process he not only translates from one language to another, it largely depends on whether you created the right atmosphere, which will help to achieve the desired understanding.

Exercise No. 2.
Hurry up, fill in the information about Lantra", remember that modern technology in the Internet provide a unique opportunity to create an international clubs. These clubs are called newsgroups. These teleconferences have translators. One of them Lantra brings together more than a thousand translators from different countries of the world. The conference operates around the clock. So the question can be asked at any time of the day or night.

Exercise # 3.
Define the social function of translation. Initially, the translation fulfills an important social function by enabling cross-language communication. Its main purpose is to meet the social needs of people in bilingual communication, to the maximum extent close to the monolingual. The social meaning attributed to the translator of independence in the public purpose of translation: to provide bilingual communication, close to monolingual.

Exercise # 4.
Determine what is the object of the translation activity, read the statement WE Aliyev "the Object of scientific disciplines are things, phenomena, processes of reality, interact with the subjects of science in cognitive research. Here the object is the product of the interaction of subject and objective reality. The object of research is something that is directed cognitive research activity of the subject of this science.

1.5 Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. Questions and answers on them. Tests for intermediate control on the topic.

1.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them

1. What are the components allocates Urzulei in the concept of "categorical structure of science"?
2. What is the object of translation theory?
3. The focus cognitive activity of researchers in science "theory of translation"?
4. What is the subject of science "theory of translation"?
5. Distinguish whether you are of the notion of "translation ability" and "translation competence"?
6. In what forms is the subject of the translation activities?

Answers

A. categorical structure of science is the idea of the object and the subject of this science
B. this view of its components: the object, the subject, the subject method, the functions, the
A. translation activities
B. Secondary translation and translation ability
A. Cognitive activity of researchers in science "Theory of translation" aims to identify the entity translation
B. Cognitive activity of translatologists aimed at the study of translation activity
A. the Subject of translation activity is the result
B. The subject of translation activities are the result of the translation, and language ability of the translator
A. Yes. Translation the ability to learn the target language.
B. Translation ability is mastering a second language, its norms, competence, knowledge, skills
A. the Translator is a person providing bilingual communication.
B. the Translator is a mediator in intercultural communication, as well as the researcher is concerned with the problems of translation

1.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject
1. Who of scientists believes that to build disciplinary theory needs to identify the categorical structure of a particular science?
A. J. J. Catford
B. Aliyev UI
C. L.K. Latyshev
D. VV Sdobnikov
E. SV seals
2. What is the object of science "theory of translation"?
A. Translation activities
B. Reproductive translation activities
C. the faculty of Language translator
D. Translation competence
E. Reproductive activity as a translator and language ability translator
3. What is the subject of science "theory of translation"?
A. The result of the translation industry
B. Translation competence
C. the translation Process
D. The field of interpretation and translation competence
E. the Process of identifying entity translation
4. Who is the subject of the translation industry?
A. Bilingual
B. The Mediator
C. the sender of the text
D. the recipient of the text
E. Bilingual mediating translation activities and providing bilingual communication
5. What discipline is a component of the ontological nature of translation, promotes understanding between author and translator, between the translator and the recipient?
A. Cultural Studies
B. Contrastive linguistics
C. Pragmatics
D. Cognitive psychology
E. Sociolinguistics

1.6 Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback)
1.6.1. Answers to questions:
Question No. 1:
A. Wrong. The answer is not complete.
B. True. Whiz!
Question No. 2:
A. Incorrect. You made a mistake.
B. You answered correctly.
Question No. 3:
A. True. Whiz.
B. You answered incorrectly.
Question No. 4:
A. an Incomplete answer.
B. True. Whiz!
Question No. 5:
A. an Incomplete answer.
B. the Correct answer. You gave the definition of these concepts.
Question No. 6:
A. You answered incompletely.
B. True. You said of the two faces of the translator: as a mediator and as a researcher of translation activities.

1.6.2. Cipher tests:
1. In
2. E
3. D
4. E
5. D

Case module # 2. Methodology and methods of science "Theory of translation".
2.1 Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames.

2.1.1 Methodology "translation Theory and scientific principles of its research
Methodology - the study of the system of scientific principles, forms and methods of research. A common understanding of the methodology allows to consider it as the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity. In a narrower sense, the methodology is understood as a particular approach or set of approaches to the proposed activity at all stages. In science methodology is a "set of basic principles that guide the scientist in various stages of research, starting with the definition of its objectives and to formulate the resulting conclusions [Melnychuk, 1986, 21].
Methodology of science "Theory of translation" has a three-tier structure. On the first level it examines the scientific principles that are fundamental in nature and constitute a proper methodology. These include principles such as anthropocentric, cognitive, activity principles. At the second level methodological framework discusses the scientific research methods used in the practice of translation. On the third level describes the specific methods used to address special research tasks related to translation issues.
The fundamental principles are scientific in nature, as it is based on a General, philosophical positions, reflecting the most significant properties of objective reality and consciousness taking into account the experience gained by the person in the course of their cognitive activity. Such, for example, activity and anthropocentric principles that play an important role in the cognition of the essence of language. So, Essembekova exploring the nominative aspect of speech activity, reveals the methodological role of the principle in the knowledge of language (Kubrakov, 1986, 19-20). The basis of activity the concept of language and translation activity the concept of the person. And the gist of it is that essence is the process of production itself, its life, its content [nysanbaeva, 1991]. In the original and the translated text, as well as in language, are as common forms of human activity, and specific manifestations of mastering man his human reality, in its experience of development and cognition.

In the translation process the translation can be viewed as a form of human activity (function); 2) language codes (language - the source text and the target language) are attributes of communication and information exchange in the process of translation as intercultural communication (attributes of communication and communication translation); 3) translation (the text of the original and translated text as the methods, the results of the verbalization of the human experience. The essence of an active principle in a more narrow sense is defined as a functional consists in the study of language in action, in its functions" [Lee, 2003, 19]. A broad understanding of the function as a purposeful human activity - member of the society consistent with the theory of speech activity (Alt), which is based on obsessionality activity theory (Anionte) an active principle of social philosophy, pragmatic conception of language. The actualization of this principle in the translation process occurs in the course of becoming objectified in the text language characters in living reality, their dynamic deployment process raspredsetevaya their translator and subsequent clarification for myself and understanding. At the stage of transformation and interpretation of the text, the translator turns raspredelenie signs of substance already in another language. In this case, the language units are functioning in speech activity, moving from substantial status in living reality, and again turning into a frozen characters in the result of objectification in the text in another language.
Anthropocentric principle focuses on the human factor, when language is seen in human activity. In this case, look at language as the source of knowledge of the person. In addition, language is studied in the aspects: "what speaks the language of man", "what knowledge about the world he invests in his own language, as the language correlate this knowledge about the world", "how to manipulate people with knowledge of the language". In the process of a comprehensive study of language in speech and cognitive human activity, as well as from the study of his speech behavior can be known of the man himself in all his guises as the language of identity, communicate, translator (creative person), writer, professional, thinker and knower, etc. This principle is manifested in the field of translation theory is that when research translation activities of the personality of the interpreter; his secondary reproductive activity language also investigated as a source of knowledge of the identity of the translator, his translation competence and abilities. During the translation industry a comprehensive study of the language in various aspects "as understood by the translator of the meaning of language units of different codes, their meaning, knowledge about the world puts people in a language, as knowledge about the world are manifested in different language pictures of the world", "as the translator manipulates linguistic knowledge in the process of using two codes" contributes to a better understanding of the language personality of a translator, gives some idea of his abilities and skills.
The cognitive principle is associated with a General philosophical theory of knowledge. It is the basis of the cognitive paradigm, according to which language is viewed as a form of consciousness and thinking, which implemented the system of human knowledge about the world, speaking and thinking in a particular language" [Lee, 2003, 14]. The feature of the cognitive approach to translation theory is manifested in the fact that considering language as a form of consciousness and thought translator, first, studying the language, consciousness, speech-thinking closely in the communicative-cognitive system", second, closely linking cognitive and linguistic patterns in the minds of individuals, proceeds from the assumption that they, as components of linguo-cognitive bases of human consciousness, all become inadequate in language pictures of the world. Moreover, varies as a mental structure is the result of the peculiarities of national mentality of ethnic groups and the way of expressing them in different languages. On the basis of features of the language picture of the world representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities (the subject of the source text and the recipient of the translated text (the translator identifies discrepancies and gaps in language pictures of the world and the cultures and languages of the sender of the text and the recipient, making the skills and abilities in order to eliminate the gap, bridge the gaps, to find functional equivalents and equivalents in the target language. And in this case it needs different knowledge - a set of information in any field, is necessary for understanding the source and reproduction of the source text.

2.1.2 General Scientific research methods of "Translation Theory"
Such methods used in different languages, such as linguistics, didactics, comparative typology, General linguistics are contrastive-comparative and component analysis. Contrastive-benchmarking is a method of pairwise and systematic mapping of the language systems of the primary and secondary languages, with the goal of identifying common universal elements and differences in the systems of languages. As a methodological tool of analysis uses the method of typological simultaneous comparison (matching).
The key notion of contrastive linguistics is the notion of linguistic contrast or categories of contrastively [Suleimenov, 1996]. Language contrast is a specific feature of language And appearing that in comparison with any language C. the same phenomenon when comparing one language to another can act as a specific contrast phenomenon (category). Language contrast is a linguistic variable, which varies depending on the choice of language pairs. Contrastive study should include a systematic comparison of the forms and values of units of the structure maps of languages, based on the idea that different languages are available as a universal concept, and specific, based on the national systems of language.
In the process contrastive comparative analysis focuses on the structural and systemic similarity of language means of the original and the translated text. Detected when comparing similar values, functions and forms form a cross-language equivalents. Shape, diverging on the semantics and structure in their use are contrastive or non-equivalent. They can belong to different levels. This analysis identifies similarities and differences between structural types, systems, and standards-based languages pairwise comparisons and comparisons language of the original and translation, gives the data for the actual translation analysis.
Methodology contrastive comparative analysis includes the following steps: 1) develop an inventory of linguistic means in the language of the original and the target language; 2) determining their similarities in different languages; 3) the determination of their absolute and relative differences in the languages.
Component analysis is used in translation theory when transferring to another language values multiple-meaning words based on the identification of the meaning of the components included in its semantic structure. Under component analysis is a sequence of procedures that, when applied to some of the original speech or language subjects, gives each object a certain set of sets of semantic features or components. This set is called the component view [Tawahina, 1989, 27].

Of the proposed methods component analysis to be more acceptable in translation is the use of the methodology proposed by DSC. Shmeleva and A. M. Kuznetsov. A. M. Kuznetsov highlights during component analysis differential and integral characteristics of speech that serve to distinguish and unite the minimum values of words in the semantic structure. The minimum unit of the lexical values are heterogeneous in several respects and differ depending on what level of abstraction are the data units - invariant or variant. The first are called semantic features, the second semantic components. So, in a group of related words son-daughter, brother-sister as a semantic characteristic is the sex of the relative. As semantic components of this semantic characteristic are its specific values: "male", "female". Semantic feature can be of two types depending on the role they perform in the formation of interrelated values, i.e. are they as discerners of word meanings semantic groups (differential characteristic) or combine words (integral) [Kuznetsov, 1980, 14].
D.N. Shmelev, except differential and integral signs, allocates another and categorical features, playing a special role in the semantic organization of the lexicon. According to the author, the whole vocabulary of the language can be represented broken on certain classes formed by the intersection of exactly categorical traits. Thus the integral signs are the ballast, which is overlapped with a single unit of lexical classes, and differential characteristics serve as the beginning, which in a certain way organizes the data units within a class of words [Shmelev, 1968].
In the process of translating the words of the language of the original in another language, use the following procedure component analysis: 1) be written in parallel columns the word of the source language and the word in the language-translation; 2) to identify the composition of semen in different languages; 3) to find the integral signs, combining lexico-semantic variants in the structure of words; 4) find the differential variations in the structure of words; 5) carry out a consistent speed the identification of semen words of the original with samename allocated in the translated word; 6) to identify similarities and differences in the composition of semen in different languages (words of the original and its translation); 7) identify, using the method of distributional analysis combinability of words in different languages; 8) to build the table nemnogo composition words in the original and language translation.

2.1.3. Specific (specialized) research methods "Translation Theory"
The specialized techniques used within this discipline can be attributed to the method of segmentation of text and transformational analysis used by the translators, and this method of research, as discourse analysis.
The method of segmentation of the text, most often used by translators, proposed R.K. minyar-Belarusian. The essence of this method lies in the segmentation of text and perform some action on a specific schema: (1) the definition of the segment of text that you want to process; 2) segmentation of the text you want to highlight in each speech text one, the main information. The selection of text segments is based on the principle of preserving the continuity of the speech chain by following a managed word control word; 3) highlight important information of each speech segment. Speech segments can be uneven. Some segments may contain one unit of information, and in other segments can be divided into two units of information; 4) after the main information in each segment is selected, it must be written. You can use certain characters, symbols; 5) the transition from signs and symbols to full text. The translator must create the text again, based on the information hidden in symbolic notation. It should be based on linguistic rules, which are peculiar to the language of translation; 6) after the outline of the text is ready, you can proceed to the final stage, i.e. the creation of the finished text. For this purpose, the outline of the text you want to compare with the original (matching), then the text should add information that was not reflected so far [minyar-Belorusov, 1996].

Method transformational analysis is used to distinguish meanings of individual words in a semantic field that are in identical environments (but not deployed), partially similar environments, have the same distribution formula and in different environments, but when abnoy distribution formula, i.e. by means of the transformational analysis, you can establish semantic differences that are not expressed on the distribution level.
Transformational analysis emerged based on the teachings of Sharisa and Nhamkoro on transformations in the language. Under the transformation is understood in the most General sense, transformation of sentences, carried out according to certain rules, in which there are new proposals that do not differ from the original proposals lexical composition, but differ in structure, for example, asset - liability, declarative sentences interrogative and so on
Grammatical transformations are in the process of conducting the operations to transform the so-called "nuclear syntactic structures", which may be the same in different languages and are characterized by the common logical-syntactic relations and lexical composition. The original text is minimized in a set of nuclear structures - components directly. Nuclear transformations are considered such proposals, the structure of which explains the structure of the other proposals. In this case, using the transformations of one or more nuclear deals can be obtained all sentences of the language. Sharrison was drawn up a list of such transformations, which include: 1) passive transformation; 2) transformation introduction; 3) transformation of word order; 4) transformation of nominalization; 5) transformation of adjectively; 6) the pronominal transformation; (7) the transformation of ownership; 8) the transformation of elimination [Helbig, 1966]. To this list we can add the transformation of substantively, the transformation of the question sequence, the transformation of srovnatelnosti etc. All can count to 24 or more transformations in the target language, in which nuclear proposals are deployed, the set of nuclear structures is replaced by equivalent structures of the target language, for example, nuclear sentence in the source language can be transformed into the following transformation in the language of the translation: 1) the transformation of passivization: architect prepared the project of the house; 2) transformation introduction: the architect, no doubt, will quickly prepare a draft of the house; fortunately the house was prepared by the architect for a short period of time; 3) the transformation of word order, the transformation of inversion: prepared by the architect house design; 4) transformation of nominalization: preparation of the project architect is not an easy matter; 5) transformation of comparison: architect house design will be better prepared than the superintendent; 6) the transformation of elimination: the design of the house; (7) the transformation of the question sequence: is a house project designed by the architect? Unless the house project designed by the architect? Made whether the project home architect? 8) transformation complications: the house project prepared by the architect, who developed it for months; the architect has prepared the project of the house, the head of construction Department praised the development; 9) the transformation of deployment: a young architect in record time developed the project of a nine-storey building and has submitted it for consideration in the design office; 10) transformation of denial: the architect is not prepared for the approved period house project and other
Method of distributional analysis based on the study of the set of environments in which this element may occur, in contrast to the environments in which this element can not meet. The same distribution of the words indicates the closeness of their values. This gives grounds to assume that the semantic field really combines words with related meanings. On the other hand, using a distribution method, you can define semantic scope of individual words field. On the basis of distributional analysis, you can analyze and combinability of words as the basic elements of the meaning of the word, including its stylistic and emotional characteristics that are reflected in its distribution, i.e. in the structural model compatibility. Analyzing the distribution, which can meet the foreign language word (element), we can conclude proximity, or differences in the meanings of the words. To determine the semantic value of foreign words should take into account the peculiarities of the distribution of constituents semantic field, which is expressed in different forms. Usually the distribution constituentof semantic field can be of four types: 1) matching distribution, in which both fields have produced only in the General environment in the absence of specific; 2) additional distribution, in which the environments of the analyzed words no members in common, no intersection; 3) mixed distribution, in which one word field has, in addition to General, private environment missing from other, having shared only with the first environment; 4) partial distribution, in which the environment intersect, both have produced and shared and private environment.
Distributional analysis is performed in two stages. First, in the texts vypisyvatsja all environment of foreign words and identifies the types of distribution. Then identifies the values and environments consider the words - Union of the set of text units distributions on the basis of similarities or differences. In this case, the same distribution of the words indicates the closeness of their values, and in terms of additional distributions meet different meanings of the same word (lexical-semantic variants of polysemantic words is LSV).
The set of values of polysemantic words is its semantic structure and structural set of possible word meanings and shades of meaning, manifested in different contexts of use and located to each other in relations of additional distribution.

2.2 Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples".
2.2.1 Graph

Fig. 1 - Levels of methodology of science "Theory of translation"

Examples:
Component analysis of the semantics of the English verb " wonder " by identifying its composition:
1. To think, to think
I wondered what I should say to Pyle.
I was thinking what will I tell my Pyle. (Green)
2. The contradiction
I wondered why she hated him so much - I don't know why she hated him. (S. Maugham).
3. The intention
Actually he was wondering whether Clyde would be inclined from now on. In essence he was interested, did Clyde since then. (T. Dreiser)
4. Doubt
And it came into his mind to wonder... And in his head he had doubts...
5. Wonder
So we all wondered what he was using to live on. And we were all wondering what he lives (U. Faulkner).
In the process of English translation of the above English sentences with the verb " wonder " do not use the part of this verb components, because each component of the English verb is transferred to different Russian verbs.

2.3 Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites".

2.3.1. Glossary
Component analysis is a method of identifying this component in the semantic structure of words of the source language and the target language by decomposition of the semantic structure of the words on the semantic factors that determine this on the basis of integral signs, and location of the various components through the use of differential characteristics.
Contrastive-benchmarking is a method and pairwise semantic mapping units of the language systems of the primary and secondary languages in order to identify the universal elements and differences, contrasts in both languages.
Method of distributional analysis is a method based on learning complex environments of words of the source language and the target language.
Transformational analysis is a method of converting lexical and grammatical units of the source language in the target language in accordance with certain rules of transformation.

2 .3.2. The list of basic and additional literature

Key readings

1. Brandes. Style and translation (in the German language. - M.: Higher school, 1988.
2. Whether V.S. paradigm of knowledge in modern linguistics. - Almaty: Kazakh University, 2003.
3. Kubrakov Y.S. Nominative aspect of speech of human activity. - M., 1986.
4. Melnychuk A.S. ON the methodology of linguistic research //the Value Astronautic methods and methodology in philological science. - M., 1986.
5. Minyar-Belorusov R.K. Theory and methods of translation. - M., 1996.

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