Further reading 1 страница. Commissioners Century. N

Commissioners Century. N. New trends in perevodovedenie //Information-communicative aspects of translation: FR.scient.works. Part 1. Novgorod: Lunn them.N. A. Dobrolyubova, 1997.
Lilova A. Introduction to the General theory of translation. - M., 1985.
Minyar-Belorusov R. K. Theory and methods of translation. - M., 1996.
Rosenzweig C. Y. translation Theory and the theory of language contact //Report on conference on information processing in machine translation and automatic reading of text. Vol.9. - M., 1961.
Seals S. C. Theory of translation. - M.: Gardarika, 2004.
Fedorov A. N. The foundations of the General theory of translation (linguistic problems). 5th ed. St. Petersburg: the Philological faculty of St. Petersburg state University. - M.: Publishing house "Philology three", 2002.

Каdе О. Zu einigen Grundpositionen bei der theoretischen Erklärung der sprachmittlung als menschlichen Tätigkeit //Űbersetzungs wissenschaftliche Beiträg - Leipzig, 1977.

Nida E.A., Taber C. The theory and practice of translation. – Leiden. 1969.

Oettinger A.G. Automatic language translation. – Cambridge (mass). 1960.

Wills W. Ubërsetzungswissenschaft: Probleme und Methoden. – Stuttgart, 1977.

5.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises".
5.4.1. Job
Tasks for independent work of students (IWS)

To prepare the abstracts on the topics of "translation", "translation tools".
S ummarize paragraph 14 "requirements for the translator of a literary text and functions translators" from the book of centuries Sdobnikova, O. C. Petrova "Theory of translation". - M.: AST: East-West, 2007.

Tasks for independent work of students under the guidance of teachers (SRSP)

Determine the reception of transformation in the following sentence, translated from English:
From such measurements the interatomic spacing and structure of molecules can be measured.
Using such measurements, one can determine interatomic distances and the structure of molecules.
Determine what kind of technique is the transformation used in the translation. Explain why you need the conversion.
An attempted overthrow in Peru.
An attempted coup in Peru.
What kind of technique is used in the following phraseological units?
lights up
no skin off one's back
neck or nothing
either sink or swim
Explain whether the structure of phraseological units in the source language and the target language
Slow but steady will eile weile und
As well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb - Seven bed - one answer.
Explain what reception lexico-semantic transformation used in the translated sentences of the source language?
You are probably going to Stavropol?
So exactly with the state of things.
I suppose you are going to Stavropol?
Yes. Sir. I am...with some government baggage.
Why the word "thing" "Rennin"with a broad meaning, are replaced in the translation by "baggage"?
What kind of transfer is used in the following context:
"And again it started to snow, sapurina, howled, but with such fury, as if winter had second thoughts and decided finally hard to remind myself. "This beskonak", was held in the beard Eshelby, he keeps explaining to David. He rages for three days in a row without getting tired. If three days is not settled, then, consider, Burnet seven days. And, sometimes nine days straight. This is the last snowstorm of the year. It paves the way for spring. This is a tradition from time immemorial" [G Belger. The house of the wanderer, S. 214].
What kind of transfer is used when translating the following words in the context. Specify the type of reception.
Aim (bait), Adam (recat), Bane (MSN), ecprd (ARIN), dur (Tarikhi case), Zhuldyz (MADI Aldy, betke star), Kenes (inalas), biik (dragel), Wen (saryn), Orta (orshan AUM), etc. Cf.: Kazakhstan Ken he's a devil gildy oyinda”, “Careside Osip San Otis TRT cphs shyly Aldy” (J. Sain. Sarusi,. B.); “BL Sezen stne Sea Azamat, Apartmani, sapaly lken artane hoopty CL” (M. Auezov. Skin Ornek, b.); “She ESCM Zan JSON gazala kregen, gagalady meldem blatn sotty Yes ordinan batterup, this pet of balista Gaby dausin hundred salaun tctgen” (K. Segev. Jol,154B.); “Revolution daulphine ilarly n Menin Grego RCT Oh TCG” (C. lobster. Omir WOSTOK, b.) and other
5.4.2.Exercises
Exercise # 1.
Determine which method grammatical transformation is used in the translation of the source text:
I had never seen the good old Negro look so dispirited, and I feared that some serious disaster had befallen my friend.
I've never seen the old good-natured Negro as depressed, and I was overcome with anxiety: so if something had happened to my friend?
Exercise # 2.
Determine what grammatical transformation used when translating the following text:
“ Ah, if I had only known you were here! Said Legrand, but it is so long since I saw you; and how could I foresee that you would pay me a visit this very night of all others?”
If I had know you were here!- cried Legrand - But we have not seen. How can I guess what tonight you will attend?
Exercise # 3.

Determine which lexical and grammatical transformations used a translator when translating niepalacego text:
“Well, well”I said, “ perhaps you have - still in don't see them: and I handed him the paper without additional remark, not wishing to ruffle his temper;but I was much surprised at the turn affairs had taken.
Don't worry, " I said, " maybe you and drew, Legrand but I can't see them. And I gave him the drawing without further comment, not sparing to vex him. I was surprised by the strange trafficking, which took the story.
Exercise # 4.
Jupiter, by direction of his master, proceeded to clear for us a path to the foot of an enormously tall tulip-tree, which stood, with some eight or ten oaks, upon the level, and far surpassed them all, and all other trees.
By order of Legrand, Jupiter began to mow for us a path to tulpanova tree of extraordinary beauty, which was surrounded by a dozen oak trees, and far surpassed these oaks, and all these trees.
Exercise # 5.
Determine how replication
White house - White house
Winter palace - the Winter Palace
The white Guard - White guard
Our Home is Russia (Nash Dom-Rossiya

5.5. control submodule. Supervisory personnel. "date questions and answers on them." "Tests for intermediate control on"
5.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them

What kind of translation you can call?
What are the criteria for the classification of types of translation exist perevodovedenie?
How do you understand the term "transformational way of translation"?
How do you understand the term "interlineary transfer method"?
What techniques are implemented within the framework of transformational way?
What methods are correlated with interlineary transfer method?
What methods are updated in the framework of pragmatic transfer method?
Options ototokoi otveta) Adequate, literal, literal, khudozhestvennyye) Types of translation should be distinguished based on different criteria, for example, by the criterion of contact languages should provide the following translations, as appropriate, literal, free, simplifying daneta) There are several criteria for classifying types of periodograms) the Criterion of contact languages, criterion implementation of spiritual activity, psycho-linguistic criterion, the criterion of jarova stylistic varieties of texts daneta) Transformation method involves the use of transformations while translating TextEdit) Transformation method is characterized as the transformation of Danata) Interlineary way is the translation according to the preset correspondences, known perevodchikam) Interlineary method involves the use of reception cancerovarian) Within transformating method used lexical and grammatical transformation Danet) Within transformational used techniques such as generalization, specification, adding, replacing, rearrangement, descriptive translation and other daneta) interlineary way relate to techniques such as transkrypcja, transliteration, calques, literal periodont) With this method relate to techniques such as transcription and transliteratedat) In the framework of the pragmatic method using such techniques as: explanations in the text, podstroechnye footnotes, kommentaarideta) In the framework of this method using the technique of kommentirovaniyu

5.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject
1. Who among researchers gave the definition of translation as dvukhfaznoi activity?
A) C. N. Commissioners
In) HP Barkhudarov
(C) A. D. Schweitzer
D) Acting Cadet
E) C. C. Seals
2. What the researcher is given the classification of translation on the basis of the accounting activities of the mental mechanisms?
A) The HP Barkhudarov
C) R. K. Minyar-Belorusov
(C) S. C. Seals
D.) C. Talanov
E) Century Century Sdobnikov, O. C. Petrov
3. On the basis of what criteria are such types of translation, such as: writing-the written and the oral interpretation?
A) Psycholinguistic
C) Criteria according to the operation of the mental mechanisms
(C) Criteria into account stylistic varieties of text
D) the Criterion of contact languages
E) Criterion accounting functions of translation
4. What kind of transfer is used in this case?
Jupiter opened the door, and large Newfoundland, belonging to Legrand, rushed in, leaped upon my shoulders, and loaded me with caresses; for I had shown him much attention during previos visits.
Jupiter opened the door and a huge Newfoundland Legrand burst into the room and quickly welcomed me, putting his paws on my shoulders;I became friends with him in the previous visit.
A) Generalizatio
In) Permutation
(C) Adding
D) Replacement
E) Specification
5) What kind of translation is used in this translation:
Here upon Legrand arose, with a grave and brought me the beetle from a glass case in which it was enclosed.
Legrand arose, with important views and took the beetle from a glass box where he kept it?
A) Generalization
C) Repositioning and replacement
(C) Omission and replacement
D) Specification
E) Astonomicheskii translation
6) What is the transfer used in this case
J have ided nj
Myung blame.
I don't know.
J don't get you
Myung sin tsibel.
I don't understand
A) Generalizatio
C) Modulation
C) Specification
D) Replacement
(e) the Omission
7. What is the method of translation used in this case:
Pefugee camp - Basinger lager
African nations - Africa Holy
Jragi Foras - Iraq scary cster
T. Blair is the best ruler in the House
So Bland Ukimet in Basarwa Geary Krecke not
A) Generalization
In) Specification
(C) The Permutation
D) Replacement
E) Adding

5.6 Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback)
5.6.1. Answers to questions
Question No. 1:
A. an Incomplete answer.
C) True. Detailed answer.
Question No. 2:
A. an Incomplete answer.
In) Depth, the correct answer.
Question No. 3:
A. True.
C) Wrong answer.
Question No. 4:
A. the Correct answer.Whiz!
C) Wrong answer.
Question No. 5:
A. General the answer is vague.
In) Depth, the correct answer.
Question No. 6:
A. True.
In) Surface, not the correct answer.
Question No. 1:
A. the Correct answer, well done!
A General answer is vague.

5.6.2. Code to the tests
d
in
and
with
with
in
d

Case module # 6. Modeling of the process of translation.
6.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames.
6.1.1. The basic model of translation
Due to the fact that at the present time have any interest in the description of the translation process, one of the problems of translation theory is the modeling of translational activity. Model translation can be defined as "cosmetic procedures for the implementation of the translation process" [Commissioners, 1999, 158]. The model represents some hypothetical building, showing the main stages in the translation process and actions taken by the interpreter at each stage. The problem of description of such actions is complicated by the fact that they are all in the mind of the translator, that is not directly observable. This gives the model a hypothetical character. However, as noted by C. N. Commissioners, this does not mean that the model translation is purely speculative building. As in other cases when the researcher is dealing with non-observable system ("black box"), the reality of the model (its explanatory power) is checked by comparing the state of the "input" and "output". To translate, this means a comparison of the texts of the original and translation. If the result of the translation is the way it was supposed to happen according to this model, therefore, the model "works", although it is, of course, does not prove that the translator consciously used such a model [of Commissioners, 1999, 158].
Currently in perevodovedenie spread models such as the model of natural correspondences, situational-denotation model, the denotation model, the transformation model, the semantic model, the levels of equivalence of the three-phase model of translation, interpretative model. Consider the basic model.
A. Model a natural match. This regulatory model, which promotes the study of translation as a process that has an effective character. The result of this process - the text is analyzed from the point of view of realization of the natural correspondences. It was developed on the basis of the concept of I am. And. Retsker about the theory of natural correspondences. This theory was later supplemented in proceedings of the Century A. Fedorov, L. S. Barkhudarov, C. N. Komissarov, W. Koller. The essence of this theory is the classification matches, which are taken into account when translating from one language to another. In this classification there are three group matches: 1) equivalents; 2) counterparts; 3) adequate replacement.
Under the equivalents are understood to be constant, independent of the context of compliance units S units of five. First of all it is unambiguous terms, for example, the United Nations meets Russian Organization of the United Nations. Counterparts - this variant of conformity. Analogues can be called in the sense that between this unit and THEIR corresponding unit five-set analog relations: among synonymous five units corresponding to the unit IA, looking for an option to convey the meaning most appropriate for a given context, for example, the English word fair can be translated into English as honest and fair.
The third group - adequate replacement. To them, the translator resorts when the faithful transmission of the thoughts of the original feasible approach would be a departure from "the letters of the original", i.e. used in the original words, and the solution of the task at hand, on the basis of the whole. If the first two groups take for the basis of language units, which can be defined as conformity, in the third group it is not about matching units IA and five, and suggests specific actions translator to establish conformity between different units of OIA and five, i.e. we are talking about the techniques of translation, to which I. J. the Retsker considers the specification of undifferentiated and abstract concepts, logical development of concepts, astonomicheskii translation and compensation. The author later adds welcome "holistic rethinking"when the translator decides to translate this word or phrase, based on the understanding of the whole utterance, sometimes departing from specific elements very far, for example, when translating phraseological A good rid-dance!- good riddance used this technique.
This model is controversial and has certain disadvantages. I. S. Alekseev indicates such shortcomings of this theory as "some unfinished space in the seemingly slim building classification matches: the lack of a unified database classification; ambiguity lexical scope unambiguous equivalents, because they can contain more than one token (for example, terminological expressions, logotypes the slogans of companies, prohibitive inscriptions" [Alekseev, 2000, 3].

B. Situational-denotation model developed And. And. Revsine, C. Yu Rosenzweig. This model assumes that the contents of all language characters reflects some objects, phenomena, relations of reality. Items reality, reflected in the language of signs, called denotata. The situation in reality is a set of denotata and relations between them. Therefore, speech segments contain information about some situation in real life.
Following the premise underlying the situational-denotation model: any situation can be described by means of any language, aided by the commonality of our environment regardless of the language of belonging. The same phenomena can be described in many different languages, but in any case, such a description is possible, even if this language is not an appropriate name.
Hence this model describes the translation process as follows. At the stage of perception of the original text (or segment) translator, analyzing the values of linguistic symbols and their relationships, clarifies what the denotata are indicated by these characters and what the situation actually is the data set of denotata.
Once in the mind of the translator got the idea described in the original situation (kind of a picture depicting a certain fragment of reality), he describes this situation by means of another language.
In summary I. And Revzin and C. Y. Rosenzweig, who developed the model, this process, called their interpretation is as follows. There is a sender And the recipient and interpreter P. And, using the language of OIA, transmits the message C1 about some situation in fact D. the Interpreter, using a system of OIA, establishes the correspondence between C1 and D, and then, using a system of five, creates a new message C2 of the same situation; message C2 is accepted by the addressee, who, using a system of five, establishes the correspondence between S2 and reality.
In other words, the translator took some speech sequence, this sequence he goes to the situation, considering the situation, then completely abstracting away the message that he was to be transferred, and only having in mind this situation, the interpreter reports this situation to another person [Revzin, Rosenzweig, 1964, 57].
Despite the fact that this model has a number of advantages, namely that it provides an opportunity to explain those features of the translation process, which is associated with the address translator to reality. However, it has shortcomings, which, according to C. N. Requirements include: 1) it "does not work" in cases where there is a refusal from the description in the translation the same situation as in the original, as it would not provide opportunities for cross-language communication; 2) does not explain this model and those cases where the translation retains not only the situation described in the original, but the way its description, as well as the main part of the value of linguistic resources [Komissarov, 1999, 160].

The denotation translation model presented in the works of J. M. Keynes.Catford, Century, The SJC. The essence of this theory is that reflected the world, one for the speakers of all cultures, consists of various kinds of phenomena, processes, objects. In any language, you can find raznoobranye outwardly and slightly different from each other in content words, which, however, point to the same reality. Hence, the content of interlingual communication is an extra-linguistic reality, and the process of translation, according to the denotation theory is the process of describing the denotata reflected in the original language, the language of the translation. Translator, sensing the source text, links language units OIA with relevant and extraneous their denotata, fragments of objective reality. Then, having identified these denotata, he describes them, but means don't OIA, five. Usually the translator in advance (without reference to the stage of identifying denotatum) knows what language units IA and five describe the same denotata. So he doesn't need to match them with the appropriate denotata, he simply replaces unit OIA relevant denotata, units of five. The advantage of this model is that it assumes the possibility of replacing the names of denotata in THEIR name the same denotation in the translation language. However, she explains how you can translate the name of the denotatum of OIA, when there is a discrepancy between languages, between cultures. When such discrepancies, in the opinion of the authors, you can use descriptive translation.
The transformational model of translation based on the ideas of transformational grammar N. Chomsky. When building this model, the transfer is treated as the text of the source language text in the target language. The translator perceives the original, produces in mind a number of cross-lingual transformation and gives the finished translation. The main decision to transform the so-called "nuclear syntactic structures", which are the same in different languages and are characterized by the common logical-syntactic relations and lexical composition.
According to the transformational theory of translation the translation process is built in three stages: 1) stage of analysis of the structure of the original (surface) structure is converted into nuclear structure S, that is the transformation within the original language; 2) the stage of transfer - replacement nuclear structure S equivalent of the nuclear structure of the translation language (interlanguage transformation); 3) a synthesis phase, or reverse engineering - nuclear structure of the translation language is deployed in the surface structure of the translation language. In the final structure of the translated text [Schweitzer, 1973].
A. D. by Schweitzer demonstrates the use of this model in the translation process. The original English sentence The White House the pressurized Sеnаtе into reconsidering its decision in the inverse transformation we have two nuclear structure:
The White House the pressurized Sеnаtе.
The Senate reconsidered its decision.
This is the first stage of the analysis. At the second stage - the stage of transfer of nuclear structure S is replaced by an equivalent nuclear structure five:
The white house has been pressing the Senate, and the reversed its decision.
The white house has been pressing the Senate to cancel its decision.
In the third step are carried out additional mapping structures in the five-context, stylistic features of the text, to provide the greatest possible equivalence of surface structures in OIA and five, that is, to take further deployment oraloader five structures in the surface structure of the translation language.
This model has both advantages and certain disadvantages.
C. N. Commissioners noted the following advantages of this model:
transformational theory is featured in a comparative study of different forms, among which may establish translation equivalence relations that creates a theoretical basis for the description of the system of translation relations between two specific languages;
the transformational model makes it possible to identify different types of translation transformations;

an attempt to link the process of intralingual translation transformations has undoubted value, because it gives an opportunity to explain the facts of translation structures S that do not have matches in the translation language. For example, does not have a correspondence in Russian, English structure and She is poor letter-writer. At the first stage of the translation process, this structure is converted into nuclear structure within the same language: She writes letters poorly. The second step is the replacement of nuclear structure S nuclear structure five, "She writes letters bad." And then there is the deployment of nuclear structure five in the surface structure of the Russian language: "She doesn't know how to write letters" [Commissioners, 1999, 161].
The shortcomings of this theory are: 1) transformational theory does not explain how the third stage is the selection of the number of possible transform; 2) this model cannot explain the facts of equivalence between such structures, which do not lead to similar nuclear structures.
D. Semantic model of translation aims at the description of the nature of the correspondence between the plan of the original content and the content of the translation. Presented in the works of J. M. Keynes.Catford. This theory comes from the fact that in the translation process, the translator tries to keep the content original to bring it to the recipient of the transfer. However, he finds these five units that adequately convey the content of the original.
Is used for this component of the analysis. The value of each language unit S and the translation language is considered as a set of SEM, the beam semantic multiplier (SEM). Seven identified when comparing this unit with others, for example, the word "teacher" has the following beam SEM:
learning, not learning;
an employee of the University - not the teacher;
male sex is not the teacher;
singular - not teachers.
In the process of interpretation, the interpreter will look for the same line five, which more fully reflect this set of SEM.
Semantic translation model has considerable advantages, as it allows to explain many of the causes of semantic differences between the two texts, indicates the factors determining the choice of options. Its disadvantages are, according to C. N. Requirements: 1) it does not provide for cases when to describe the same situation, different languages use different semantic categories; 2) it does not affect transmission problems shaped and other associations in the translation [of Commissioners, 1999, 163].
E. three-phase model of translation O. Kade. The essence of this model is that it explains how the process of bilingual communication flowing throughout the three phases of its actualization is achieved mutual understanding between interactants. This understanding, according to O. Kade, is possible in case of realization of functions of translation, when the text in the language a turns into text on H2. Function transfer requires: (a) decoding of text I order transcoding; b) transcoding, i.e. exchange code in the narrow sense (globbing characters JA2 instead of characters a); C) implementation of the text in JA2. These tasks are solved by the translator T (Translator), which acts as an intermediate link between N and O in bilingual communication. In relation to About it is the recipient, and in relation to the final destination P is - indirect sender is.
As pointed out by O. Kade, a prerequisite for the functioning of the interpreter as' is functioning as a recoding of the link PZ. In this context, the translator performs marks the transition from one language to the signs of another language, or rather, replaces characters a signs JA2. This function translator T depends on his actions as the recipient P.

This bilingual communication involves three phases:
Communication between O and T. the Translator T acts as the recipient of the P-message a.
MENA code a - H2 implemented T (acting as PZ);
Communication between T and P'. The interpreter acts as the sender' of the message for the recipient P'. [Cade, 1978, 74].
The advantage of this model is, according to centuries Sdobnikova, O. C. Petrova, clearly identify the stages of the process of interlingual communication, an indication of the multifunctional activity of the translator. A similar idea about the structure of the act of interlingual communication provides an opportunity to analyze various factors that exist in each of the links and affecting translation.
The lack of it, in our opinion, is that in this model, special attention is only on the translation as communication, and translation as an activity includes secondary textbrush activities that are being recoded in another language.
J. the Theory of levels of equivalence are presented in the works of C. N. Komissarova, who considered the theory of levels of equivalence as a model of translation activity, based on the assumption "that equivalence relations are established between the same levels of text and translation. The basis of this model is the selection in the text content of a series of levels, different in nature, the information transmitted from source to receptor" [Commissioners, 1973, 62].
The essence of this theory is that "differences in the systems S and five-and creating texts in each of these languages to varying degrees may limit the ability to fully preserve in the translation of the original content. Therefore, translation equivalence can be based on the preservation (and therefore loss) of different elements of meaning contained in the original. Depending on what part of the content is passed to the translation to ensure the equivalence vary different levels (types) of equivalence. At any level of equivalence translation can provide interlanguage communication" [Commissioners, 1990, 51].
In the transmitted from the Source to the Receptor text Century. N.Commissioners identifies five main levels of content: 1) the level of linguistic signs (words); 2) language; (3) level (structure) of the message; 4) the level of description of the situation; 5) the target level of communication.
The sequence of levels, according to C. N. Komissarova, reflects not only the structure of the content, but the main stages of the analysis of Receptor sent him a text. First, the Receptor identifies language signs, then consistently clarifies the content of the analyzed text at the level of statements, messages, describe the situation and comes to the understanding of the content of the whole on the target level of communication" [Commissioners, 1973, 66].
Describing these levels, he notes that the upper threshold privodimosti equivalence will be at the lowest level (i.e. at the level of language units), and the lower its threshold - equivalence only at the highest level (i.e. at the level of the target communication). This equivalence at the higher levels does not mean equivalence at lower, whereas the equivalence at the lowest level automatically assumes equivalence and at higher levels, because the translator must understand all the levels from the original language signs to the purpose of communication.
Later Century. N.Commissioners changed the sequence of the allocated levels on the back and introduced the notion of type equivalence. Different types of equivalence are illustrated Century. N.Komissarov as follows:
The first type (the equivalence at the level of the purpose of communication):

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