Further reading 4 страница

Assimilation is a translation methods, similar to Hypo-gipertonicheskoj replacement. The difference between them is that liken words rather call concepts, apocynaceae in relation to the generic concept, and not a subordinate and subordinate concepts, for example, bombas - bloomers, Balice - pins.
Transcription of reality involves mechanical shifting realities of OIA in five graphical means of the latter with the closest approximation to the original phonetic form: light brown. dumplings - Bolg. Pelosi.
The compensation gap - acceptance of transfer realities, when the translated word increases the number of SEM, it is more than semantic structure of a word of the original, for example, scones - pancakes, milk - Russian "milk". The concepts are the same, but depending on the characteristics of its storage in the United States are distinguished: homogenized milk (homogenized milk; chocolate milk (chocolate milk)vanilla milk with vanilla); butter milk (buttermilk); joghurt (yogurt, product type Varentsov). In the Russian reality, to talk about milk, cream, sour cream, sour milk. Therefore, when the compensation of the realities of national specificity is not transmitted.
Descriptive translation is welcome when the reality is transmitted descriptive, translator describes this phenomenon explains, for example, a Kansas cyclone is not just cyclone, tornado, whirlwind, up a huge cloud of dust and sweeping away everything in its path (hence the Cyclone state - one of the nicknames of Kansas).
Translation and commentary is welcome to comment, is necessary when the recipient is unknown reality of the original. Translation in parenthesis or in a footnote explains the reality of, for example, canyon wind - canyon wind. The translator says this word using textlogo comment, says it's the night wind that occurs in the canyon during cooling of the walls. "Severka" Russian reality, denoting a cold wind, and Chinook - wet wind of the North-Western part of Pacific coast of the United States.
Calques reception when translated internal structure of reality, the structure is saved in the new word is a neologism, created on the basis of the material elements of the target language, for example, the subdivision - the subdivision, raffine - refined, bear - bear, bull - bull and other
Functional analogue of a technique for matching similar words in the target language, for example, order - order.
Thus, the analysis of ways and means of conveying the realities of the original in the target language shows that the most difficult translation connotation realities. Close relationship with their spiritual culture of the people and his language often makes use of a translator for compensation, descriptive translation, translation review.

7.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples".
7.2.1. Graph.

Fig. 14. Typology realities in perevodovedenie

Fig. 15 – Typology of lacunae in translation studies

Fig. 15 - How to transfer realities in translation studies

8.2.2. Examples
Example No. 1.
Denotation realities
Domestic realities Cemping-site Kit I, LME, OS, Sertoli I, there Otau, lken I, PTER, Krka, our tbel I, AK Shaan, Zheti ' I, Horde, he C ' Horde, Otau, Kara shirakata, bungalow (Bungalow), aparthment building (apartment house), mobile home (mobile home), mobile home park, inn (a small embankment or hotel), heakth food shop "healthy food"), highrise (apartment house), harrods (one of the famous Department stores), grosery (grocery store), first and chip shop (eatery serving fried fish), efficiency apart ment (Studio apartment), semidetached house, two-family house), detaliched house (single family home) and other Example No. 2
Banknotes
Tiyn, Asa, PL, legend, ruble, Euro, dollar, Altyn, kumis, jumby, tai TA kumis, Altyn asamese dollar, Bick nickel-and-dime (dime), nickel (Nickel), New Zealand dollar (NZD), quinea (gold coin at 21 shillings), half croun, florin (coin at two shillings), farthing (bronze coin in a quarter of a penny), pens, money (money), ducat, coin (coin threepence) Example No. 3
Traditions, customs
speakers take, Nauryz mereces toulou, balasana ASAP take Bastani, eroc, ymis mwyndy, Ydir tn, one CTO, one ASON take sybaga Kelo, Amanat, surely, sonar, AST, itty, toymaster, organ Kelo Toya, trcnd, tberg take shidehara, Timea fat, шашуShrove Tuesday (pancake day), ladies day (Lady day - the second day of the races at Ascot, when women wear unusual hats), Halloween, Guy father's Night (the Night of guy Fawkes), Inauguration day inauguration), farter (garter, the bride wears the wedding day)
7.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites"

8.3.1. Glossary
Connotations - extension (modal, evaluative and emotional appraisal and emotional-expressive) elements of the lexical values.
Connotation the connotation is more, modal, emotionally-expressive meaning of the word.
Gaps denotation, conceptual, connotative well that arise in case of a mismatch, lack of meaning, zaznaczenie, conceptual shades of the same words, universal for all languages, but have differences in different languages due to inadequacy or absence of shades of meaning, concepts, connotative meanings of different cultures.
Reality is non-equivalent word or concept that refers to a specific occurrence of any culture.

7.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature

Fig. 15 - How to transfer realities in translation studies

8.2.2. Examples
Example No. 1.
Denotation realities
Domestic realities Cemping-site Kit I, LME, OS, Sertoli I, there Otau, lken I, PTER, Krka, our tbel I, AK Shaan, Zheti ' I, Horde, he C ' Horde, Otau, Kara shirakata, bungalow (Bungalow), aparthment building (apartment house), mobile home (mobile home), mobile home park, inn (a small embankment or hotel), heakth food shop "healthy food"), highrise (apartment house), harrods (one of the famous Department stores), grosery (grocery store), first and chip shop (eatery serving fried fish), efficiency apart ment (Studio apartment), semidetached house, two-family house), detaliched house (single family home) and other Example No. 2
Banknotes
Tiyn, Asa, PL, legend, ruble, Euro, dollar, Altyn, kumis, jumby, tai TA kumis, Altyn asamese dollar, Bick nickel-and-dime (dime), nickel (Nickel), New Zealand dollar (NZD), quinea (gold coin at 21 shillings), half croun, florin (coin at two shillings), farthing (bronze coin in a quarter of a penny), pens, money (money), ducat, coin (coin threepence) Example No. 3
Traditions, customs
speakers take, Nauryz mereces toulou, balasana ASAP take Bastani, eroc, ymis mwyndy, Ydir tn, one CTO, one ASON take sybaga Kelo, Amanat, surely, sonar, AST, itty, toymaster, organ Kelo Toya, trcnd, tberg take shidehara, Timea fat, шашуShrove Tuesday (pancake day), ladies day (Lady day - the second day of the races at Ascot, when women wear unusual hats), Halloween, Guy father's Night (the Night of guy Fawkes), Inauguration day inauguration), farter (garter, the bride wears the wedding day)
7.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites"

8.3.1. Glossary
Connotations - extension (modal, evaluative and emotional appraisal and emotional-expressive) elements of the lexical values.
Connotation the connotation is more, modal, emotionally-expressive meaning of the word.
Gaps denotation, conceptual, connotative well that arise in case of a mismatch, lack of meaning, zaznaczenie, conceptual shades of the same words, universal for all languages, but have differences in different languages due to inadequacy or absence of shades of meaning, concepts, connotative meanings of different cultures.
Reality is non-equivalent word or concept that refers to a specific occurrence of any culture.

7.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature

www.alleng.ru

www.perevo4ik.com

uz-Translations: for translators

Write a report on the theme "the realities of the UK".
Write the annotation to the book D. Tomachine "Reality-Americanism". - M.: Higher school, 1988.
Based on the classification given in the works of C. I. vlachova, S. P. Florina, make a classification of the realities in Russian and Kazakh languages.

Tasks for independent work of students
under the supervision of teachers (SRSP)

Determine what kind of connotation realities-gaps is transmitted in the following context:
In the translation of the book of Campora said, Two court ladies, crossing the New bridge, for some two minutes was able to see there and monk, and a white horse. Then one of them pushed her friend's elbow, said: "What up whores, then I can certainly do it to look out for no reason".
Determine the culture of a people characterized by the following realities: "the Oval office", "honest Abe", "VAP Vipan", "Blue ox s", "stones cent".
Determine reality "Fife-o-clock" characterizes the culture of any people. Whether this tradition with the traditions of Russian and Kazakh peoples?
Check that the connotation realities are in the following context: "MyBase BL GE the created Psion CRD. Been sespa, Kok ElTR Timati La of jamerica Kip AP, Assasin as BCAP, meanina TANAP tirip, Haa aradi".
Based on the study of thematic classifications realities define the group realities: poncho, Pala, sombrero, the espadrille, chiripa, Sagar and others
Identify the group to which belong the following realities: maraca, Guiro, Ken, patuto, marimba, often, kweka, bambuco, vidalita, Samba, warach,: malambo, and other korido
Determine which method of translation used in the following example
"Mel guessed that his regular dispatcher had been relieved the time being, perhaps for some sleep in the "Blue Room" as Airport Standing Orders-with a trace of humor is called the snow crew''s bunkhouse" (Haily A. Airport. - Moscow, 1978, p.8).
"Mel realized that the Manager was replaced, vozmozhno he went to sleep in "detox", as not without humour was called at the airport hostel for people who are snegouborki" (Haley A. the Airport. - M., 1978, S. 310).
Determine the transfer of the following realities:
New York, Daniel Boone, Honest Abe, David Crockett, cent stores.
What kind of translation of the commentary is needed when translating the realities of the Commonwealth (Canada) "But there's supposed to be a big scene between two girls from Toronto and three women from French Canada who want independence from the Commonwealth".
Identify whether there is "meaning well" when mapping the realities of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages. Take for comparing two groups of realities (political and ethnographic).

7.4.2. Exercises
Exercise # 1.
Compare the original text and the text in the target language and determine what kind of reception elimination or substitution in question in this case:
He plied her with scones and jam
He treated her pancakes with jam
Exercise # 2.
Rewrite the text in Russian and Kazakh language in the workbook. Compare and identify the value orientation of the Kazakh and Russian peoples, determine what connotative value notions "our", "brown" in different languages.
“Yarsi salon our nde SESM CST” (Å.Slonov. Itemset, b.); “Dausin Italy: ESP TREN Kosh ist Maida our Selden musical whom EMEs” (Å.Slonov. Arman AISI, 101B.); “Oh, BL bi Bolan KS Bayram bol mA Eken? - finally IMSA our dauys shit” (O. Sarsenbaev. The Jew gligence, 11b.); “Al, ayinde! - BL Tay Yes Arabic Dausy - Myna EAS Bayaman, әlі de oir other. Sshe Mindy aralast. - Our tirmidi” (C. Imagenow. Asha, b.); “Kmdr - Dama, “BL I IRS?” Dema July abayon arse Latin, sonyman brge eBay da tym idea bol Berman our tbel sarasy bar, our tbel lard blur cbec Salatin” (K. Segev. Jol, b.); “Itan sabatin TCSP Sroubek IgE Celgene, Kel-balali EC on totoras our abaper Shay SP eaten-dy” (S. Begalin. Stan, b.).
"The international community is alarming link between Austrian and West German neo-Nazis. However, one time the local brown tried to deny the existence of such contacts" (Communist, 1971, No. 66). "Brown speakers apparently becomes clear that the program planned "March of freedom" breaks (Literary Gazette, 1972, 16 Aug.).

Exercise # 3.
Compare the Association of the words "Sarah" and "yellow", Yellow in Kazakh, English and Russian languages, and identify what negative or positive orientation associated with these people with this color. Identify the meanings of these words in monolingual dictionaries. Determine the reality or gaps.

Table 3. Associations with the word "yellow" in different languages
СарыЖелтыйYellowСары aren
Sarah zhilik
Sarah TIC
Sarah Torah she
Sarah aus
Sarah Ayaz
Sary of Taban air
Sarah sүrgіn, u IRIN
Sarah toym ry
Sarah etc serpyllum
Sarah BA Jons
Sari Gambas
Sarah TSEK
Sarah Ayaz
Sarah wayim
Sarah seek a
Sarah RPC
Sary Galgalta sunflowers
Yellow newspaper
Tabloids Jealous
Cowardly
Yellow man

Exercise # 4.
Compare the rites and rituals of English and Kazakh peoples and determine what type of reality they are
English realities of the Kazakh realities Easter egg (Easter egg), Easter basket (Easter basket), get married (to marry), betrothal (engagement), Struan Michel (pastries, bread St. Michael), Michaela''s Day, The cry of neck (Creek Shen), Horn dance horns), caieleach (the rite, the last sheaf, "the old woman")Neck Yu, TSAU the CES, Iryna tksu, TL at TL Atin, dauis fat, da TSU, Sara fat, OTA may u, betacar
Exercise No. 5.
Look socio-political literature, identify the realities that characterize political life of Kazakhstan, rank them according to thematic groups.

Exercise # 6.
Identify and describe the realities associated with the life of the Kazakh, Russian and English peoples.

7.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on the topic.

Questions for self-assessment

How do you understand the term "reality"?
Why reality referred to as non-equivalent words?
What realities are called denotation?
On what basis are classified words realities in linguistics?
How do you understand the term "meaning well"?
What types of gaps are highlighted in perevodovedenie?
What are the realities and gaps on other language you know?
Answer options answer Button 1A. The reality is untranslatable slowed no B. the Reality is words denoting the specific concepts of life, culture, way of life of any nation Yes no 2A. Because they don't have equivalents in other ASYCUDA no B. the realities of one of the types of non-equivalent words without semantic correspondences in other languages Yes no 3A. Denotation is called reality, denoting objects and phenomena typical for any cultured B. no Such realities called denotata Yes no 4A. In linguistics realities called non-equivalent words Yes no B. In linguistics consider the realities of words denoting objects related to the history, culture, economy, way of life of the country of the studied language. They differ completely or partially separate semantic shares of lexical concepts words matching language)Yes no 5A. Meaning well is the absence of meaning or meanings of words in any ASYCUDA no b By Y. A. Sorokin and N. Y. Marcovina given this definition of "meaning well": "Meaning well" is a piece of text, where the sum (field) denotata is vague due: nepredstavleniem those or other elements of the denotation of the structure of some phenomenon in the analyzed text; 2) inadequate images of denotata in perceiving communicated no 6A. In perevodovedenie allocated connotation Laconia no B. In perevodovedenie allocated connotation, associative, cultural, ethnographic, conceptual, semantic Laconia no 7A. Calques, selection of functional analogue no B. Comparison, transcription, compensation gaps, descriptive translation, translation review, functional analogd no

. 5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject
1. Who gives this definition realities realities are words, phrases, naming objects, characteristic life (life), cultural, social and historical development of one nation and another alien"
D. Tomakin
A. I. Fedorov
Century, Kostomarov, E. M. Vereshchagin
S. I. Vlahov, S. P. Florin
C. S. Vinogradov
2. What are the realities on C. S. Vinogradov give an idea of home, property, clothing, hats, food, drinks, types of work, money, units of measure, etc.
Ethnographic and mythical
The realities of the world of nature
Household
Geographic
Socio-political realities
3. Who gives this definition the gap "the gap is some text in which there is something "strange, strange, wrong."
Y. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina
D. Tomakin
D. Temirgazina
I. A. Sternin (Moscow), O. I. Bykov
Y. S. Stepanov
4. Who of scientists suggests that gaps is the lack of adequate shade concepts in the culture of this nation, as the ethnic groups living in different ecological, socio-historical, geographical landscapes perceive the world differently, a different angle of view, so the same world conceptualiser in different concepts
Y. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina
D. Tomakin
H. K. Temirgazina
I. A. Sternin (Moscow), O. I. Bykov
Y. S. Stepanov
5. When in the target language increases the number of this word we can talk about what transfer non-equivalent words?
About descriptive translation
About calques
About the functional analogue of
About the translation commenting
Compensation
6. What kind of transfer realities you can tell if a translation into another language of the internal structure of the realities with words translated language?
About descriptive translation
About calques
About the functional analogue of
About the translation commenting
Compensation

7.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback).
7.6.1. Answers to questions
Question No. 1.
A superficial answer. Wrong.
Detailed answer
Question No. 2.
Incomplete answer.
Detailed answer. True.
Question No. 3.
True. You answered correctly.
Wrong. A superficial answer.
Question No. 4.
Incomplete answer.
Detailed answer. Correctly.
Question No. 5.
A common response. Not quite correct.
Detailed answer. Whiz.
Question No. 6.
Incomplete answer.
The right answer. You pointed out the main types of gaps.
Question No. 7.
A superficial answer.
True. You answered correctly.

8.6.2. Ciphers to the tests.
D
C
A
C
E
B

Case module 8. The problem of multiple-meaning words translation
8.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames.
8.1.1. The definition of "complex word"
R. A. Budagov in the article "the Law of multiple meanings of the word" noted that "the vocabulary of a language increases not only and not so much quantitatively as qualitatively new meaning to old words, reviewed the relationship between the old and new values. A quantitative increase in the dictionary itself is important, but not supported by the qualitative transformations phenomenon would lead to the loss of continuity in the semantic development of words" [Budagov, 1975].
Polysemy or ambiguity of words that have the same words several interconnected meanings. The polysemy of the word occurs in the modification and development of the original meaning of any word. During this deployment the value is not in a straight line, and around the main values and each of the secondary values may in turn become a new centre of semantic use.
According to the principle of asymmetry of the linguistic sign, one sign may carry multiple items of content, and one item of content may be indicated by several characters in terms of expression Karczewski [1965, 85-90].
Accepting this principle, we recognize that every sign is a content and each content is necessarily finds expression in a particular sign. Currently, however, this principle seems to be inadequate to understand and explain the relationship between content and expression, when elements of the plan content is not always expressed by the elements of expression, and their presence caused as a consequence, conclusion or premise of the components of the content, which found expression in words. Therefore, you should pay attention to the update on the semantic structure of the word values that exist implicitly as a consequence of domiciliaria subtext, and values resulting from secondary nomination. G. P. Melnikov distinguishes specific conceptual unit and an abstract representative of this unit, which is the value of the linguistic sign. Speech sign is a signifier for the linguistic sign and the linguistic sign is a signifier for the value. The value acts as a meaning for meaning. Meanings can be expressed in speech explicitly and to remain implicit. If explicitly expressed a sense acts as an intermediary to bind this value to the implicit meaning, language character gains one level oznacenych, i.e., the level of implicit meaning arising from a fatal contradiction between the multidimensional system of mental images, explained by the ability of the brain to simultaneously generate complexes of ideas, and the linear organization of language signs for deployment which requires time (and on the letter and space). As a consequence, all born inconsistencies plan content and plan of the expression, i.e., all attempts to fit in the plan of expression more units of meaning with fewer signs of language. Polysemantic word and represents a case where one linguistic sign contains many explicitly expressed and implicit existing units of meaning. Therefore, L. A. Novikov emphasizes that under the polysemy (multiple meanings) is the ability of words to have multiple meanings (semen), i.e., to denote different classes of objects, events, actions, processes, attributes and relations [Novikov, 1989, 189].

There are several areas in the development of polysemy. Representatives of the first believe that a significant word is the sum of the contexts in which it is used this word. In this case, the different contexts create the appearance of different meanings of the word, altering vague original value. The total value represents the sum of the individual proposals, implemented only in the context of [the Russian language and Soviet society, 1968, 121]. With this approach, the polysemy reduced to the sum of contexts, and poliamidnye words multivalued not in themselves, but only to the extent in which contexts create different values. This interpretation polysemy leads to the denial of ambiguity. Representatives of the second direction (A. A. Potebnya, L. C. szczerba) consider each value of polysemantic words independent word. The fallacy of this way is that the problem of polysemy is replaced by the problem of ambiguity and context [szczerba, 1958].
Supporters of the third direction assume that the meanings of words are units of the language system and exist regardless of the context not created them. Polysemy is the result of generalization, the group and the historical building of different values within a single word [Budagov, 1976, 242].
Polysemantic word may represent a combination of several interrelated values, actualising in the context of prisoners in the word in advance (i.e., in the word as an element of language structure) different values. The role of context in this case is the selection of a need at the moment virtual values and its actualization [Vasiliev, 1975, 4].
A fundamentally new approach in the understanding of polysemy is the point of view of L. A. Novikov and I. A. Sternin, considering the complex word as a unity LSV (lexico-semantic variants), the number of which equals the number of distinct values.
Understanding of the linguistic sign - words as a set of lexico-semantic variants of the approach to the semantics of the term "semantic structure" [Novikov, 1982].
"Under the semantic structure of the word, we will understand, " says I. C. Arnold, the structural numerous possible for a word lexical values, options and shades and their emotional and stylistic colouring, manifested in different forms and contexts of use, i.e., being in the ratio of additional distribution" [Arnold, 1969].

For the semantic structure of polysemantic words characteristic of a semantic network, which is based on one source semema around this sememe grouped derivative sememe (LSV). LSV between the relationship of the derivative - epidymitis relations. Want epilepticheskie relationships were associated with at least two LSV, and one of them must be associated epidymitis with any third LSV, i.e., one of them must be explained through at least one of the others. In epidymitis values are usually basic and derived values that come from the main and derived from LSV. The main topic for which the main value is different from the non-core, is autosemantic first, i.e. the minimum dependence on context. Non-core value can be opposed to the basic values cinematically, due to the context. The context excludes the possibility of manifestation of the basic values, creating for him a weak position.
Polysemantic word represents an organized structure for some of its values are linked by hierarchical relations in the sense that different meanings of the words are common semantic components that integrate data values and distinctive, for which these values are realized as different. Understanding complex word as explicit-implicit structure, we believe it is necessary to consider the semantic structure of polysemantic words in two aspects: the aspect of the types of SEM with regard to their severity and type this from the point of view of their expression. Both of these moments in the interaction form a semantic structure. The semantic structure of the word by the value represents a set of values, and if the review by the plan expression is a set LSV [Abisheva, 2000, 206].
The basic meaning of the word and the lexical-semantic variants (LSV) are paradigmatic relations as additional values LSV have both similarities and differences with the main value; similar because the same underlying value, is different because they have additional shades of meaning.
Essential and non-core, additional values (LSV) differ integral and differential characteristics. Integral is the unifying characteristics. They show the similarity of the main and additional values. Differential signs - discriminating, when the primary and secondary values have different shades of meaning.
The manifestation of the separate meanings of the word is manifested in terms of their compatibility with any other word, i.e., in terms of additional distribution when each lexico-semantic variant of a word (single value polysemantic words) is associated with some feature compatibility and on this basis differs from the other lexico-semantic variant (LSV) the same word.
In our opinion, the distinction between the individual values of polysemantic words is in terms of additional distribution: in different contexts (explicit way the expression) and in the semantic structure of the multi-meaning words (implicit means of expression).

Explicitely and implicit semantic structures can be manifest that the words, uniting together on the basis of the principle of the identity of their functionally determined characteristics and the principle of interdependence of identity and distinction of these signs, contact between a system of meaningful relationships and are included in the system of relations. Thus, in the semantic structure of polysemantic words separate LSV associated with a primary value on the one hand, the correlation relationships and are with him in the invariant-implication relations on the basis of the identities and differences of values, and on the other epilepticheskie relations as derived values, which were based on the primary, the direct meaning.
The objectification of lexico-semantic variants of the word occurs in a context in terms of additional distribution. So, Y. D. Apresian proposes to distinguish between the individual values of policement on the basis of the principles of compatibility and transformation. Emphasizing that each relevant difference in terms of content corresponds to the difference in terms of expression, Y. D. Apresian indicates that such differences exist in the syntactic structure of the language: each value polysemantic words is correlated with specific syntactic features (distribution, transformation), which are formally similar values [Apresyan 1967].
A. N.Shmelev, K. P. Smolin believe that the manifestation of the individual values is typed in the contexts of different nature - contexts of the first and second types, called by the authors the context position [Smolin, 1986].
The question of the manifestation of individual values polysemantic words are connected with the question of the criteria of their differentiation. In the proposed method the selection criterion "typed contexts" is not entirely successful. A fragile and subjectivity of this criterion was written much.
Attempts to use more objective, accurate methods to highlight individual values of policement led to the use of lexicology method of component analysis. In the works of M. M. Kopylenko, O. N. Seliverstova, M. D., K. P. Smolina, etc. have been proposed various methods of determining how the individual values of multi-meaning words, and composition of its semantic structure.
For translation studies is important as a knowledge translator features of the semantic structure of polysemantic words of the source language and the ability to objectify some of its values - lexico-semantic variants, compare them to their original values in the semantic structure of the words of the original and words of the target language in order to most accurately convey the meaning behind any component polysemantic words.

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